THE FORESTER. 



Jim 



slopes of the Alleghany Mountains, Penn- 

 sylvania, to northern Alabama, westward 

 through southern Michigan (rare) to 

 southern Iowa, eastern Kansas to about 

 longitude 97 degrees west, and the Indian 

 Territory. 



Said to be occasionally used in pulp 

 making. 



BLACK WILLOW ( Salix nigra) . South- 

 ern New Brunswick and the northern 

 shores of Lakes Huron and Superior, 

 southward through the Atlantic region to 

 Bay Biscayne and the Caloosa River, 

 Florida, and the valley of the Guadalupe 

 River, Texas ; Pacific region, valleys of 

 the Sacramento River, California, and the 

 Colorado River, Arizona. 



Said to be occasionally used in pulp- 

 making. 



LOCUST (Robinia pseudacacia). Al- 

 leghany Mountains, Pennsylvania (Locust 

 Ridge, Monroe County, Porter) to north- 

 ern Georgia ; widely and generally nat- 

 uralized throughout the United States east 

 of the Rocky Mountains, and possibly in- 

 digenous in northeastern (Crowley's Ridge) 

 and western Arkansas and the prairies of 

 eastern Indian Territory. 



Said to be occasionally used in pulp- 

 making. 



CHESTNUT ( Castalia vulgar is*) . South- 

 ern Maine to the valley of the Winooski 

 River, Vermont, southern Ontario and 

 southern Michigan, south through the 

 northern states to Delaware and southern 

 Indiana, and along the Alleghany Moun- 

 tains to northern Alabama, extending west 

 to middle Kentucky and Tennessee. 



Said to be occasionally used in pulp- 

 making. 



PROCESSES OF REDUCTION TO PULP. 



The principal processes by which wood 

 is reduced to pulp, are the mechanical, 

 the soda, and the sulphite. 



The mechanical process consists essen- 

 tially in grinding the wood after the bark 

 has been removed. Thus all the sound 

 wood in the tree is used, provided it is 

 comparatively free from knots and not too 

 small to be handled economically. The 

 bark, branches and tops of the trees are 

 therefore not available. In this process 



the whole structure of the wood is r 

 duced to pulp and employed in makii 

 paper. Roughly speaking, a cord < 

 Spruce wood will produce nearly a ton < 

 pulp. 



The soda process is based on the solve 

 and saponifying action of alkali at hi 

 temperature. Poplar is used more thz 

 any other wood in the soda process, b 

 considerable quantities of Pine, Sprui 

 and Hemlock are consumed in makii 

 long fiber stock, while such woods 

 Maple, Cottonwood, White Birch ai 

 Basswood are not infrequently made 

 replace Poplar. The portions of the tn 

 useful in this process are practically tl 

 same as in the mechanical. Portions 

 the tree of somewhat smaller diamete 

 however, are available, and knots are n 

 as objectionable. The yield of fiber 

 about 50%, thus approximately two cori 

 of wood are required to produce one t( 

 of pulp. 



The sulphite process consists in treatii 

 the vegetable substance which contai 

 fibers, with a solution of sulphurous ac 

 in water, heated in a closed vessel und 

 pressure sufficient to retain the acid ga 

 until the intercellular matter is dissolve 

 The woods which may be used are Sprue 

 Hemlock, Balsam and other similar vai 

 eties. Any coniferous wood which is n 

 too resinous may be used. The same pc 

 tions of the tree which are used in tl 

 mechanical process are used in this. T] 

 percentage of yield is somewhat mo 

 than 50 per cent., but roughly speakin 

 two cords of wood are required for 01 

 ton of pulp. 



THE PULP INDUSTRY. 



Ground wood, or mechanical pulp, w 

 first made in this country in 1867, 

 Stockbridge, Mass. There were in 189 

 197 mills in operation in 24 States, havii 

 an estimated capacity of 3,810 tons, di 

 tributed as follows : (See table on fc 

 lowing page.) 



It is probable that the capacity of tl 

 mills is overestimated at least 10 per cen 

 and an allowance must also be made f< 

 the curtailment of production during tl 

 low water season. This reduction is est 



