ss 



THE FORESTER. 



April, 



are unsound, or interfering with more 

 favorable growth, are also taken out. 



All trees and shrubs doing, or about to 

 do harm to the more valuable species are 

 cut ; if there is no market for such prod- 

 uce they are killed by girdling. 



Badly grown or unpromising saplings 

 of Sal and Sain, where the remainder of 

 the more valuable species is insufficient to 

 form a complete crop, are cut back flush 

 with the ground in order that their shoots 

 may form a vigorous regrowth. 



Crowded groups are thinned out. 



Two years before the fellings are made 

 the " climbers " are cut away in this forest 

 and throughout a large part of India these 

 "climbers" (chiefly the " Majan ") are 

 very numerous and troublesome, hindering 

 not only the growth of the valuable species 

 but interfering very materially with the 

 fellings. 



On the year preceding the fellings the 

 trees to be felled are marked. As a rule 

 the trees to be cut are sold at auction for 

 a lump sum on the stump, and the con- 

 tractor carries on the lumbering under the 

 direct supervision of a forest ranger who 

 is responsible to the District officer for any 

 damage or mistake which occurs; the 



contractor is also liable to fines if the rules 

 are in any way disregarded, and his con- 

 tract usually keeps him employed for a 

 period of two or three years. 



The income derived from such a forest 

 management may be illustrated by the fol- 

 lowing figures; in recent years the sur- 

 plus has fallen off to some extent : 



1888-89. 



Revenue $32,318.00 



Expenditure 17.034.00 



Surplus $15,284.00 



1889-90. 



Revenue $35.79- 



Expenditure 15,268.00 



Surplus $19,811.00 



On account of a certain small amount 

 of Sal and Sain, and also because of the 

 presence of Bamboo and Sissu over lim- 

 ited areas, this result cannot of course be 

 attributed solely to the removal of inferior 

 species; in the main, however, the opera- 

 tions are decidedly "improvement fell- 

 ings," and are described simply to show 

 with what success the forest is being 

 gradually made more valuable under a 

 most excellent and conservative manage- 

 ment. 







THE FOREST AND WATER RESOURCES OF WASHINGTON.* 



By Hon. Addison G. Foster. 

 U. S. Senator from Washington. 



WOOD and water, forestry and irri- 

 gation, involve great problems. 

 In solving them millions of 

 people, millions of dollars invested or paid 

 to labor are to be considered. By judi- 

 1 iously protecting our forests, and by ap- 

 plying public appropriation and private 

 investments carefully, there may result a 

 system of irrigating plans which will 

 make productive great bodies of land 

 which still remain parched, desert spots 

 '-n the face of our country. In this work 

 the West is bound to play the greatest 



* Abstract of an Address to the National Irri- 

 gation Congress met in Chicago Nov. 22, 1900. 



role, and the twentieth century will not 

 only witness the working out of plans now 

 contemplated for forest preservation and 

 for watering irrigable tracts, but will see 

 the fruits of these great efforts adding to 

 our commerce and wealth, and furnishing 

 to foreign markets the manifold products 

 of prosperous and happy millions. This 

 is true for the whole country, but it has a 

 special force for the region of Washington, 

 where the opportunities for taking advan- 

 tage of the supply of timber and of the 

 possibilities for irrigation are so great. 

 For in the beautiful Evergreen State, in 

 the northwestern corner of our country, 





