-212 



FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 



May, 



-eled. The use of girdle and tail chains 

 is not allowed, for it is believed they 

 tear up the roads and make dangerous 

 ^uts. The system of graveling makes 

 \t harder hauling back the empty bunks, 

 but the down journey is made with 

 greater safet}^ 



Since the summer of 1901 J. E. 

 Henry & Bro. have adopted a narrow- 

 gage switch-back system, and at every 

 angle of zigzag an extra length allows 

 the cars to pass. The road is portable 

 and see-saws up the slope. The ties are 

 laid about 4 feet apart, i , 200 to the mile. 

 Thirty -pound steel rails are used, and 



The only change in next summer's 

 operations will be the trial of a Baldwin 

 logging engine in place of horse-power 

 for hauling up the empties. 



In addition to the main logging roads 

 up the mountains, there are temporary 

 and twitch roads. These are built en- 

 tirely in winter. The temporary roads 

 branch off from the main roads at short 

 intervals, and run parallel to each other 

 along the mountain sides. They are 

 built from day to day as the cutting 

 advances, and are comparatively inex- 

 pensive, since snow is an important 

 factor in their make-up. Each road 





SKIDWAV IN PROCESS OK BUILDING. 



weigh 50 tons to the mile, at a cost of 

 $30 a ton. The empty cars are hauled 

 up by three horses, and are run back 

 in pairs by gravity, with three men to 

 brake. According to the first year's 

 figures, this system is about 10 per cent 

 -cheaper than hauling roads for summer 

 work. There was some difficulty in de- 

 ciding between a broad and narrow 

 gage road. A broad gage would take 

 a larger load and could have been run 

 to the mill without reloading. On the 

 other hand, the extra cost of grading 

 and swamping for a broad gage was 

 calculated to more than balance what 

 was gained in not having to reload. 



serves for hauling off the logs cut on 

 the strip of hillside between it and the 

 next road above. In this way the logs 

 are rolled down the slope to the road. 



In some parts of the mountains, where 

 the pitch is too steep to permit of direct 

 hauling, the difficulty is solved by put- 

 ting in short twdtch roads. These run 

 back from the nearest temporary road 

 at intervals of 100 3^ards or so, joining 

 it at an acute angle. In this angle there 

 is a skid way, to which the logs are 

 twitched by horses, one at a time, and 

 from the skidway are loaded onto the 

 sleds. This system of twitch roads 

 avoids expensive and difficult grading. 



