OF INDUSTRIES. 31 



the population engaged in industry. Her indus- 

 trial machinery has been thoroughly improved, 

 and her new-born manufactures are supplied 

 now with a machinery which mostly represents 

 the last word of technical progress. She has 

 plenty of workmen and technologists endowed 

 with a superior technical and scientific educa- 

 tion ; and in an army of learned chemists, 

 physicists and engineers her industry has a most 

 powerful and intelligent aid, both for directly 

 improving it and for spreading in the country 

 serious scientific and technical knowledge. As 

 a whole, Germany offers now the spectacle of 

 a nation in a period of Aufschwung, of a sud- 

 den development, with all the forces of a new 

 start in every domain of life. Fifty years 

 ago she was a customer to England. Now she 

 is already a competitor in the European and 

 Asiatic markets, and at the present speedy rate 

 of growth of her industries, her competition will 

 soon be felt even more acutely than it is already 

 felt. 



At the same time the wave of industrial pro- 

 duction, after having had its origin in the north- 

 west of Europe, spreads towards the east and 

 south-east, always covering a wider circle. 

 And, in proportion as it advances east, and 

 penetrates into younger countries, it implants 

 there all the improvements due to a century of 



