32 THE DECENTRALISATION 



mechanical and chemical inventions ; it bor- 

 rows from science all the help that science can 

 give to industry ; and it finds populations eager 

 to grasp the last results of modern knowledge. 

 The new manufactures of Germany begin 

 where Manchester arrived after a century of 

 experiments and groupings ; and Russia begins 

 where Manchester and Saxony have now reached. 

 Russia, in her turn, tries to emancipate herself 

 from her dependency upon Western Europe, 

 and rapidly begins to manufacture all those 

 goods she formerly used to import, either from 

 Britain or from Germany. 



Protective duties may, perhaps, sometimes 

 help the birth of new industries : always at the 

 expense of some other growing industries, and 

 always checking the improvement of those 

 which already exist ; but the decentralisation of 

 manufactures goes on with or without pro- 

 tective duties I should even say, notwith- 

 standing the protective duties. Austria, Hungary 

 and Italy follow the same lines they develop 

 their home industries and even Spain and 

 Servia are going to join the family of manu- 

 facturing nations. Nay, even India, even Brazil 

 and Mexico, supported by English, French, and 

 German capital and knowledge, begin to start 

 home industries on their respective soils. Fi- 

 nally, a terrible competitor to all European 



