34 THE DECENTRALISATION 



of 296,000,000 roubles (about 36,000,000). 

 Twenty years later the number of establishments 

 rose to 35, 160, and their yearly production became 

 nearly four times the above, i.e., 1,305,000,000 

 roubles (about 131,000,000) ; and in 1894, 

 although the census left the smaller manufac- 

 tures and all the industries which pay excise 

 duties (sugar, spirits, matches) out of account, 

 the aggregate production in the Empire reached 

 already 1,759,000,000 roubles, i.e., 180,000,000. 

 The most noteworthy feature of this increase 

 is, that while the number of workmen employed 

 in the manufactures has not even doubled since 

 1861 (it attained 1,555,000 in 1894, and 1,902,750 

 in 1910), the production per workman has more 

 than trebled in the leading industries. The 

 average was less than 70 per annum in 1861 ; 

 it reaches now 219. The increase of production 

 is thus chiefly due to the improvement of 

 machinery.* 



If we take, however, separate branches, and 



* For the last few years, since the Japanese war, the figures 

 were uncertain. It appeared, however, in 1910, that there 

 were in the empire, including the industries paying an excise 

 duty, 19,983 establishments, employing 2,253,790 persona, 

 and showing a yearly production of 4,565,400,000 roubles 

 (494,600,000). Out of them, the industrial establishments 

 under the factory inspectors in European Russia proper, 

 Poland, and the four northern provinces of Caucasia num- 

 bered 15,720, employing 1,951,955 workpeople, out of whom 

 1,227,360 were men, 521,236 women, and 203,359 children. 



