OF INDUSTRIES. 43 



people keep going 53,000,000 spindles and more 

 than 700,000 looms in the cotton factories only ; 

 and that the yearly production of textiles during 

 the last few years was so formidable that it 

 represented a value of 200,000,000, and that the 

 average value of textiles exported every year 

 attained 136,257,500 in 1905-1910 to say 

 nothing of the 163,400,000 reached in the 

 extraordinary year of 1911.* 



The same is still more true with regard to 

 other European nations, much more advanced 



* Here are the figures obtained by the official census of 

 1908. In all the cotton industry, only 220,563 men (including 

 boys), 262,245 women, and 90,061 girls less than eighteen 

 years old were employed. They produced 6,417,798,000 yards 

 of unbleached gray, and 611,824,000 yards of bleached white 

 and coloured cottons that is, 160 yards per head of popula- 

 tionand 1,507,381,000 Ib. of yarn, valued 96,000,000. We 

 have thus 12,271 yards of cotton, and 2,631 Ib. of yarn per person 

 of workpeople employed. For woollens and worsted there were 

 112,438 men and boys, 111,492 women, and 34,087 girls under 

 eighteen. The value (incomplete) of the woven goods was 

 about 40,250,000, and that of the yarn about 21,000,000. 

 These figures are most instructive, as they show how much 

 man can produce with the present machinery. Unfortunately, 

 the real productivity in a modern factory is not yet understood 

 by the economists. Thus, we saw lately Russian economists 

 very seriously maintaining that it was necessary to " prole- 

 tarize " the peasants (about 100,000,000) in order to create a 

 great industry. We see now that if one-fourth, or even one- 

 fifth, part only of the yearly increase of the population took to 

 industry (as it has done in Germany), Russian factories would 

 soon produce such quantities of all sorts of manufactured goods, 

 that they would be able to supply with them 400 or 500 

 million people, in addition to the population of the Russian 

 Empire. 



