244 SMALL INDUSTRIES AND 



found in the small industries is hardly suspected 

 by those who have not made them a subject of 

 special s.tudy. There are, first, two broad cate- 

 gories : those industries which are carried on in 

 the villages, in connection with agriculture ; and 

 those which are carried on in towns or in villages, 

 with no connection with the land the workers 

 depending for their earnings exclusively upon 

 their industrial work. 



In Russia, in France, in Germany, in Austria, 

 and so on, millions and millions of workers are in 

 the first case. They are owners or occupiers of 

 the land, they keep one or two cows, very often 

 horses, and they cultivate their fields, or their 

 orchards, or gardens, considering industrial 

 work as a by-occupation. In those regions, 

 especially, where the winter is long and no work 

 on the land is possible for several months every 

 year, this form of small industries is widely 

 spread. In this country, on the contrary, we find 

 the opposite extreme. Few small industries 

 have survived in England in connection with 

 land-culture ; but hundreds of petty trades are 

 found in the suburbs and the slums of the great 

 cities, and large portions of the populations of 

 several towns, such as Sheffield and Birmingham, 

 find their living in a variety of petty trades. 

 Between these two extremes there is evidently a 

 mass of intermediate forms, according to the 



