INDUSTRIAL VILLAGES. 245 



more or less close ties which continue to exist 

 with the land. Large villages, and even towns, 

 are thus peopled with workers who are engaged 

 in small trades, but most of whom have a small 

 garden, or an orchard, or a field, or only retain 

 some rights of pasture on the commons, while 

 part of them live exclusively upon their indus- 

 trial earnings. 



With regard to the sale of the produce, the 

 small industries offer the same variety of organi- 

 sation. Here again there are two great branches. 

 In one of them the worker sells his produce 

 directly to the wholesale dealer ; cabinet-makers, 

 weavers, and workers in the toy trade are in 

 this case. In the other great division the worker 

 works for a " master " who either sells the 

 produce to a wholesale dealer, or simply acts as 

 a middleman who himself receives his orders 

 from some big concern. This is the " sweating 

 system," properly speaking, under which we find 

 a mass of small trades. Part of the toy trade, 

 the tailors who work for large clothing establish- 

 ments very often for those of the State the 

 women who sew and embroider the " uppers " 

 for the boot and shoe factories, and who as often 

 deal with the factory as with an intermediary 

 " sweater," and so on, are in this case. All 

 possible gradations of feudalisation and sub- 

 feudalisation of labour are evidently found in 



