INDUSTRIAL VILLAGES. 267 



more illustration of numerous small industries 

 growing round the main ones. 



In the making of ready-made clothing and 

 the fabrication of hats, linen, boots and shoes, 

 and gloves, we see the averages for the fac- 

 tories of this description going up to 80, 100, 

 and 150 persons per factory. But it is here 

 also that countless small workshops come in. 

 It must also be noticed that most of the fac- 

 tories of ready-made clothing have their own 

 special character. The factory buys the cloth 

 and makes the cutting by means of special 

 machinery ; but the sewing is done by women, 

 who come to work in the factory. They pay so 

 much the sewing-machine, so much the motor 

 power (if there is one), so much the gas, so 

 much the iron, and so on, and they are on 

 piece work. Very often this becomes a " sweat- 

 ing system " on a large scale. Round the big 

 factories a great number of small workshops 

 are centred. 



And, finally, we find great factories for the 

 fabrication of gunpowder and explosives (they 

 employ less than 12,000 workpeople), stuff 

 buttons, and umbrellas (only 6,000 employees). 

 But we find also in the table of workshops that 

 in these last two branches there are thousands 

 of them by the side of a few great factories. 



All taken, Mr. Whitelegge writes to me that 



