308 SMALL INDUSTRIES AND 



The extraction of ice from some lakes and the 

 gathering of oak-bark for tanneries complete 

 the picture of these busy villages, where in- 

 dustry joins hands with agriculture, and modern 

 machines and appliances are so well put in the 

 service of the small workshops. 



On the other side, at Besan9on, which was, 

 in 1878, when I visited it, a great centre 

 for watch-making, " all taken, nothing has yet 

 been changed in the habits of the working- 

 class," M. Dumazet wrote in 1901. The 

 watch-makers continued to work in their 

 houses or in small workshops.* Only there 

 was no complete fabrication of the watch or 

 the clock. Many important parts the wheels, 

 etc. were imported from Switzerland or from 

 different towns of France. And, as is always 

 the case, numerous small secondary workshops 

 for making the watch-cases, the hands, and so 

 on, grew up in that neighbourhood. 



The same has to be said of Montbeliard 

 another important centre of the watch trade. 

 By the side of the manufactures, where all the 

 parts of the mechanism of the watch are fabri- 

 cated by machinery, there is quite a number 

 of workshops where various parts of the watch 

 are made by skilled workmen ; and this in- 

 dustry has already given birth to a new branch 



* Ardouin Dumazet, voL xxiii., pp. 105, 106. 



