MANUAL WORK. 373 



by the Russian manufacturers who so much 

 distrust science. 



Now, the methods by which these wonderful 

 results were achieved were these : In science, 

 learning from memory was not in honour, while 

 independent research was favoured by all means. 

 Science was taught hand in hand with its appli- 

 cations, and what was learned in the schoolroom 

 was applied in the workshop. Great attention 

 was paid to the highest abstractions of geometry 

 as a means for developing imagination and 

 research. 



As to the teaching of handicraft, the methods 

 were quite different from those which proved a 

 failure at the Cornell University, and differed, in 

 fact, from those used in most technical schools. 

 The student was not sent to a workshop to learn 

 some special handicraft and to earn his existence 

 as soon as possible ; but the teaching of technical 

 skill was prosecuted in the same systematical 

 way as laboratory work is taught in the univer- 

 sities, according to a scheme elaborated by the 

 founder of the school, M. Dellavos, and now 

 applied at Chicago and Boston. It is evident 

 that drawing was considered as the first step in 

 technical education. Then the student was 

 brought, first, to the carpenter's workshop, or 

 rather laboratory, and there he was thoroughly 

 taught to execute alt kinds of carpentry and 



