APPENDIX. 463 



a very mixed character, as we find here, in agriculture, 

 the small farmer, who works for himself ; and the 

 labourer, who works by the day for occasional farmers ; 

 and in industry the head of a small workshop, who 

 works for himself (patron-ouvrier) ; the working-man, 

 who on the day of the census had no regular employ- 

 ment ; the dressmaker, who works sometimes in her own 

 room and sometimes in a shop ; and so on. It is only in 

 an indirect way that M. March finds out that this division 

 contains, in its industrial part, nearly 483,000 artisans 

 (patrons-ouvriers) ; and independent working-men and 

 women ; and about 1,047,000 persons of both sexes, 

 temporarily attached to some industrial establishment. 



There are, next, 37,705 industrial establishments, of 

 which the heads employ no hired workmen, but are 

 aided by one or more members of their own families. 



We have thus, at least, 520,000 workshops belonging 

 to the very small industry. 



Next to them come 575,530 workshops and factories, 

 giving occupation to more than 3,000,000 persons. 

 They constitute the bulk of French industry, and their 

 subdivision into small, middle-sized, and great industry 

 is what interests us at this moment. 



The most striking point is the immense number of 

 establishments having only from one to ten working- 

 men each. No less than 539,449 such workshops and 

 factories have been tabulated, which makes 94 per cent, 

 of all the industrial establishments in France ; and we find 

 in them more than one-third of all workpeople of both 

 sexes engaged in industry namely, 1,134,700 persons. 



Next comes the class, still very numerous (28,626 

 establishments and 585,000 operatives), where we find 

 only from eleven to fifty workmen per establishment. 

 Nearly two-thirds of these small factories (17,342 

 establishments, 240,000 workmen) are so small that 



