APPENDIX. 469 



Jahrbucher, and in Conrad's Sammlung national-okono- 

 mischer und statistischer Abhandlungen. For a general 

 review of the subject and rich bibliographical indica- 

 tions, Schonberg's Volkwirthschaftslehre, vol. ii., which 

 contains excellent remarks about the proper domain 

 of small industries (p. 401 seq.), as well as the above- 

 mentioned publication of K. Biicher (Untersuchungen 

 uber die Lage des HandwerJcs in Deutschland), will be 

 found most valuable. The work of 0. Schwarz, Die 

 Betriebsformen der modernen Grossindustrie (in Zeit- 

 schrift fur Staatsmssenschaft, vol. xxv., p. 535), is 

 interesting by its analysis of the respective advan- 

 tages of both the great and the small industries, which 

 brings the author to formulate the following three 

 factors in favour of the former : (1) economy in the 

 cost of motive power ; (2) division of labour and its 

 harmonic organisation ; and (3) the advantages offered 

 for the sale of the produce. Of these three factors, the 

 first is more and more eliminated every year by the 

 progress achieved in the transmission of power ; the 

 second exists in small industries as well, and to the 

 same extent, as in the great ones (watchmakers, toy- 

 makers, and so on) ; so that only the third remains 

 in full force ; but this factor, as already mentioned 

 in the text of this book, is a social factor which entirely 

 depends upon the degree of development of the spirit 

 of association amongst the producers. 



A detailed industrial census having been taken in 

 1907, in addition to those of 1882 and 1895, most 

 important and quite reliable data showing the im- 

 portance and the resistance of the small industries were 

 brought to light, and a series of most interesting 



comes to the conclusion that 91 per cent, of the workmen and 

 employees in Industry and 44 per cent, in commerce are em- 

 ployees that is, clerks, managers, and so on. 



