PUBLISHEO BY J. B. RUSSELL, AT NO. 52 NORTH MARKET STREET, (at the Acriculturai. Workhouse.)— T. G. FESSENDE.N, EDITOR. 



VOL. X. 



BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, JULY 20, 1631. 



whirl aiid ecMy about witU aurh force, as oftei 

 to do groat damage ; ill all siu-li cases lliey sliould 

 be allowed to send oni limbs lower down, in reg- 

 ular or^er, with a straight centre, and handsome 

 shape. 



When peach trees get larn^e and over-;:rovvn, 



CUTTING TIMBER TREES. 



TolheErtikir of llic Now Enslmd Farnipr. 



Dear Sir — I have read a communication in 

 your paper of Juno 29, 1S31, from Mr J. Alden, 

 2d, relating to some experiments which he has 

 made in cutting timber trees to cause the stumps to 

 produce sprouts or suckers. I observe in his com- 

 munication that his trees were cut in winler, 

 I have observed that most of our forest trees do 



not produce sprouts or suckers from stumps or roots I or wljen they are apparently going backward 

 if cut ill winter ; — but if cut when the sap is flow- ! fiom aje, they ran again bo renewed by cut- 

 ing, very few fail to send up a great supply of ting otf the whole top, at the collar uo.Kt the 

 shoots either from the stumps or roots, or both ; — roots, or at the first branching lii.iib?, when a 

 and I have often heard farmers speak of chopping ; great quantity of shoots will put out and form 

 timber, for clearing off lands for farming purposes j liandsome clumps, and bear well ; indeed it is 

 in winter, to prevent the stumps and roots from | the Pennsylvania method of serving trees for 

 sprouting. I suggest these few hints for your own j the first bearing, which for seedling kinds do 

 consideration, and you may, by examining tlie well ; cfiltivated ikinds should be cut'above the 

 subject, be able to communicate something to your j graft. Prune all trees at the opening of the bud, 

 readers that will be of great use to such as want [ and if you wish to be nice about it, cover the 



NO. 1. 



Treesjin town ganlens, which are situated be- j sent our/rom our manufactories, has superseded 

 tween high houses and barns, are peculiarly liable the laboue of the loom and the distaff. Soinnin" 

 to misfortune by wind, which is caused to whifflle, j and Ui.iitting are obsolete toils. And the 'labors 



to use timber, and at the same time desire to secure 

 a growth of young trees. 



Yours respectfully, J. S. Palmer, 



Pcterhoro\ JVcw York, Jul;/ 12, 1S31. 



cut with grafter's wax, tar or oil paint. 



THE MORTGAGED FARMS OF NEW ENG- 

 LAND. 



The hst Chrislian Examiner contains an excel- 

 — pent article entitled, 'Tbe Morality of our Political 



ON SHAPE OF TREES AND PRUNING. | Situation,' from which the following extract is 

 Very few persons seem to be aware of the im- | niade. It ' contains truths too notorious to be 

 porlance of giving proper form to the young tree, denied, and too solemn to be trifled with.' 

 or mending or improving its shape, at a later pe- 'Here is a conniiiiuity, we are accustomed to 

 riod. In the peach it is ruinous, sooner or later, 'say, free, flourishing and prosperous, beyond ex- 

 to encourage two or more leading and priiicippJ j i«il>'R ; there never was a country in which all 

 branches, mim the main stem : let them grow "len from the highest to the lov/est, from the rich- 

 ever so straight and upright, they constantly re- '"st to the poorest, could be more independent, 

 cede by the pressure of repellant branches, and And yet, if we were to travel over this same 

 by the weight of fruit ; until, after having nurs- '''v''^d land, and were to inquire into its real con- 

 ed them to maturity, on the first windy day, you M't'on ; if, not satisfied with fine landscapes, and 

 have the mortification to find it S|)lit at the crotch, flourishing fields, ami goodly dwellings, and the 

 and one or both branrbrs ruined, perhaps at the appearanceof well clad citizens, we were to inquire 



of only one or two can contribute anything to 

 the support of the family. At tiie same time, this 

 non-producing i-< by no means a non-consuming 

 class, — as the bills of the merchant show, to say 

 nothing of that grosser part of the account, which 

 the granary and the cellar leave to render. 



' It is perfectly evident that farmers, with moder- 

 ate means, must go down under this burden. 

 They do go down by thousands. And what is 

 infinitely the most to be regretted, they go down 

 ill property. Tliry lose heart and courage. The 

 mortgage that lies heavily upon their eslate.s, lies 

 heavely, as an incubus, upon their minds. They 

 often sink under it, to indolence, vice and ruin.' 



rronitlie llamiishiro Gazette. 



moment of the ripening of the fruit 



The peach is peculiarly liable to this misfor- 

 tune, as the seam at the crotch adheres with les.s 

 tenacity than any other tree cultivated. 



The same doctrine hohls good with the plum 



into the state of property, and the degree of real 

 independence and comfort that prevail, wo should 

 be astonished at the apfialliug amount and distress- 

 ing burden of pecuniary obligation. We should 

 find an almost incredible proportion of the coni- 



and nectarine, but with less force, and in fact, mi'nity laboring under this load and pressure, 

 there is but one shape that is to be tolerated, with P'-''^'. universal debt, would meet us wherever we 

 trees that are allowed their full growth, and not ■ i"'""°J our eyes. The farmer owes the trader, 

 restrained, or trained in any way; and that form ^"' '"c^hanic owes for the raw material ; the trader 

 is a straight centre stem, from the root to the ter- iwes the importer. In many districts, the country 

 minate bud, with branches alternat<dy projecting Iraders will testify that a considerable ])roportion 

 at judicious distances, both around the circum- Pf 'he debts contracted for what arc considered 

 ference, and the whole line of ascent, allowing no ['"e necessaries of life, lie unpaid for two or three 

 one to gain the advantage of another in excess, pars, — yes, and they lie, in the shape of mortgages 

 but by proper retarding or encouragement, so to Ipon real estate. We have been in some oi the 

 manage, as they shall present a cone, beautiful in post beautiful townships in New England, and 

 shape, and i^trong to resist the wind, rains, and 'ave been amazed, on inquiry, to find that half of 

 heavy weights of foliage and fruit. j'le farms in them were under mortgage ! 



Quince trees, by proper aitention, may be made ; I ' Now, tliere are several causes to be assigned, 

 to have straight handsome bodies, and fine expand- wul'tless, for this extraordinary state of things ; 

 ing regular tops, instead of the crooked, craggy, ["' one distinct and prominent cuu.se unquestiona- 

 sprawling bushes, so generally cultivated. lU '^ to be found in that stale of political 



It is also a great mistake to trim the stems of ^'''''''y "''''-'' ^^^ arc considering. It creates 

 young trees too high, causing them to shoot up 'j 'arge unproductive class, in the female me in- 

 to premature heights, become top-heavy, and liable Jlf'^ of innumerable families in the country, 

 to be blown over, or bailly leaned from their per- M'^ daughters of our substantial farmers, (as 

 peiidicular and true position ; which causes them ^^y are called) cannot go out to service; it 



to need staking, and tying, whereby they ai-e apt |^'' 

 to become chafed, and frequently ruined. 



» 111, . •' — -.«...... ^i i,ic ^^uul ui v^asiiie. in tue itith cen 



fltanwh.le the clK;apness ol the fabrics that are I tury, when Cardinal Ximencs was the Spanish min 



uld be a degradation, as they would deem it 



SHEEP AND WOOL. 

 The 'Bulletin dej Sciences Agricoles' for 

 July, 1S27, contains a review of a German work 

 on Sheep and Wool, by J. C. Ribbe, published at 

 Prague, Bohemia; from which we have translated 

 the following, save what is inclosed in brackets. 



Tlie author adopts the opinion of Linntcus that 

 all the different kinds of slieep wliich e.^ist are 

 derived from a common stock, the Oais Argalis, 

 [or the wild sheep which inhabits the lockv 

 mountains of Asia and Greece.] The largest 

 species of sh.=ep ii> Europe is the breed of Flan- 

 ders, which the Dutch imported from India, about' 

 two centuries ago. The smallest race is that of 

 Scotland. [M. Ribbe refers to the Ilebridean 

 sheep — a small breed, which weighs from 4 to 5 

 pounds per quarter when fat, and yielS about one 

 pound of wool of various colors. These small, 

 animals frequently carry 4 or 5 horns. This breed' 

 was imported into Scotland fi-om Denmark at a very 

 early period. There is now a race in Denmark- 

 which have four horns.] Tlie national sheep of 

 Hungary have, in both sexes, straight horns, from 

 12 to 15 inclies long. The wool is 5 or 6 inches 

 in length, and so coarse that it is fit for nothing 

 but blankets. 



Iceland has two sorts of gheep one larg-e, the oth- 

 er small. Their wool is brown, and the inhabitants 

 do not shear it, but pull it off— a most cruel opera- 

 tion. — The Icelanders make great use of sheep's 

 milk. These animals live all the year exposed to 

 the severity of the weather, and their principal 

 food in winter is the moss, called Iceland moss 

 which they obtain under the snow. The small 

 species live among the steep rocks on the moun- 

 tains, and sometimes a flock is carried over a 

 precipice into a gulph by an avalanche, whore 

 they remain until the warmth of their bodies melt* 

 the snow which covers them and announces to 

 their owners, by the steam which ascends, the 

 place into which they have been carried. 



About the year 1350, Peter, king of Castile, 

 having been informed that there was a race of 

 sheep in Barhary, which had preeious flsec sent to 

 several persons into Morocco to buy a great number 

 of bucks. From this epoch commenced the rej)- 

 utatioii of the wool of Castile. In the 16tli cen- 



