Vol. X N... 21. 



AiM> IIOllTICULTUilAL JOtllNAL. 



105 



vor of leil caille; liiit it will yield, wlieii llie su- 

 perior excellence of ilie Diirliain bieeil licecMiies 

 Mioie <;eiieriilly known ; and wo tiliiill no longer 

 (oMsidur white marks as a lileiiiish. 



clean ; lint I ascribe it to chess liaviiig been 

 brougljt on wiili llie iniuinre ; or to its lying dor- 

 tliaiit in ilie (rnninil ; for it is asceitaiiied lliat 

 fome seeds will lie in tlie grotinil for ii^jes, and 

 tlien vejfetate when brotiglit within the inllnciice 

 of the almus|ilK'te. 



We are not nincli troubled with smut, and with 

 a little more allenlion to our seed should be siill 

 less so. The same law prevails in regard to it as 

 with chess. It nnifonnly reproducing' itself; and if 

 seed entirely free from it cannot be procured, it 

 sliould he ^teeped iwi-ntyfour hours in liuie water, 

 which will correct the evil. 



Jii this climate, late sown wheat is pecidiarly 

 liable to be ihrowji out by the frost and winter 

 killed, however well the ground may have been 

 prepared for its reci^ptism. According to my lim- 

 ited experience, the proper time for sowing, is 

 froin the middle to the last of August. — The 

 operation should be closed with the Roller, an im- 

 plement which is fast coming into general use 

 and fnrnishps its own recommemlation It is 

 especially useful where seedim; down to gia.ss, for 

 it leaves the surface smooth for the sc^ythe : but 

 it is of greit service in sowing all small grain, by 

 breaking the lumps to pieces, and pressing the 

 earth around the seed, causing it to vegetate more 

 certainly and more evenly. 



The advantages of early sowing are these. 

 The plant becomes well rooted, and acquires suffi- 

 cient strength to resist tlie frosts of fall and spring ; 

 which are so apt to heave out and destroy the 

 feeble plants of late sowings. In the spring, it is 

 prepared to make vigorous offsets and comes 

 forwtud rapidly, unaffected by the droughts, 

 which sorueliines prevail at that season, and occu- 

 pies the ground to the exclusion of weeds and 

 noxious plants. 



A rotation of croj 

 wheat and grass, till 



diate years with spring grain, such as corn, oats, [ "f community, inasmuch as the fabrics of woo 

 barley or peas, will keep our old farms in good J"^ puri'l'-ised at lower prices than they could be- 

 condition ; and combined with a well selected l'<»'e these duties were imposed.* Having been 

 stock of sheep, and neat cattle, will bring them to I adopted deliberately, and operating beueficially, 

 high point of productiveness. i ^''^ '""y regard them as part of the settled policy 



In farming, whatever is worth doing at all is of the country 



none more readily reduced. We may bear in 

 mind also, that no oilier stock is belter calculated 

 to promote the fcniliiy of i|,e soil. IlveiyihiiKr 

 then inviles atlcnliou to tlii^ branch of hiisbandr',-' 

 Some are so blinded by prejudice, that they and no faiiu should be without a Hock of fiiie 

 ascuibiMlie acknowledged superiority of the im- woollod sheep. 



pifcvcd breeds of cattle, solely to the greater care Of the various hiceds of >.|iecp to be fonml in 

 and attention bestowd upon them. Admiiiing the conniy, the Saxon is in highest repute and its 

 this to be the case, and that tlic-y are, intrinsically, wool brings the highest price in market The 

 MO belter than the coniiuon breed, yet if from extensive importations of Saxcju .shcpp, (juriiic the 

 fannying them so, we can be thus easily bribed to last few years, place them within thc> reach of 

 bestow such attention, in fitting them for market, every farmer, anil bucks of full blood, jind of every 

 as to make them at three years old, bring the price grade cd' mixture, may be procured without going 

 that our present stock does at four, whic-h I believe out of the county. These animals thrive in our 

 will be the case, it is a sufficient reason for incur- climate without any extraordinary attention, and 

 ring the expense of their introduction. But in crossed with our comtnou sheep, much of the fine 

 truth, there is as marked a difference between ; fleece of the Saxony, is coiidiined with the larger 

 them and the original stock of the country, 1 and more vigorou.s c-arcass of our native breed, 

 as there is between the ungainly prairie | To bccunciudect mhh wec'k. 



hog, and the compact grass breed, vvhic 



raiiidly supplanting it m all parts of the county. 

 It is asserted that the same difference exists in the 

 expense of keeping them, as between these last 

 animals ; that the Diirbams in particular, are com- 

 paratively small eaters, and take on fat more read. 

 ily than any other cattle. 



One of the most serious evils to which the far- 

 mer is exposed, is the fluctuation of the market 

 for the products of his labor. This will ever be 

 the case while we are dependent for the dispo- 

 sal of our suridus, upon the policy or the wants of 

 foreign countries. A steady market, at remuner- 

 ating prices, is all we ask, and this, in regard to 

 one of our most valuable staples, we have now a 

 right to count upon. 



Protecting duties upon wool and its manufac- 

 tures have stootl the test of experience. 15otb 

 the woo! grower and the manufacturer, are pros- 

 resting upon a basis ofi luring under them, while they operate injuriously 

 g up otie or two interttie- "PO" "" part of the country, nor upon any class 



worth cloing well. — This maxim applies especial- 

 ly, to the selection of stock. It is as easy to raise 

 a colt of high blood, as it is an inferior one, and 



The domestic supply of wool i.s yet below the 

 demand, and notwithstanding the high duties, 

 larse importations are constantly made. These 



at four years old, the former will be worth twice "'il' continue several years, insuring to the wool 

 as much as the latter. ■ grower a liberal price. But when a full supply 



Efforts are making by several members of the •'^hall be produced in the country, and iinportaticms 

 society, to introduce the improved breeds of neat, cease, comjietition will regilate production, and it 

 cattli\ Our [lens today, exiiibit specimens of both 

 the Devonshire and short horn Durham breeds, 

 crossed upon our common stock, from vario&s 

 irts of the country. We have also the gratifica- 

 tion, tlirouffh the liberality and enterprise of 

 Messrs Bostwick and Buck, and several other gen- 

 tlemen of Lowville, of a fine display of the full 

 blood Durham cattle, which have been introduc-ed 

 by the former gentleman into Lewis county, from 

 the celelwated collection of Colonel Powcl at 

 Philadelphia, and an opportunity is afforded us of 

 thus realizing one of the important benetfis of our 

 •ociety, of comparing these two breeds of cattle 

 with each other, and both with our common 

 stock. No man, I think, can be at a loss which 

 to prefer. So far as I am informed, wherever the 

 short horn Durbams have been introduced, tliey 

 have challenged competition, and been pr'^nounc- 

 ed superior for draft, for the dairy, and for the 

 butcher. Our long nourished prejuilice is in fa- 



continii*; to bear a fair price 

 There is no part of the country better adapted 

 to the raising of sheep than this. From the best 

 informaticm, it appears tbat our sheep winter as 

 well, or better than they do in any of the exten- 

 sive wool growing countries. The destructive 

 maladies, which .sometimes sweep off whole flocks 

 in Europe, are unknown among us. There is no 

 stock that multiplies more rapidly than tlcis, and 



*A bale of coarse woollen c'.oths was recently imported 

 into Charleslon,S. C. from England, and the payment of 

 the duties refused, for the purpose of le^itins the consti- 

 tutionality of a protecting; tariff, before the legal tribimal. 



It is stated in a Charleston paper, that the actual cost 

 of that cloth, including lieight, insurance, exchange &c, 

 but exclusive of duties, was sixtytwo cents per yard. 

 It was sold at Charleston, ' at the fair market 

 VALUE,' for sixtyeight cents per yard. From which it 

 would appear, that the domestic manufacture of such 

 goods, has so reduced the niaiket price, that the foreign 

 article cannot be imported, eve:v free of duty, and i 

 yield a reasonable profit. 



We have gathered a fev\' scraps which were 

 used at New York. There can be im harm in 

 showing them in advance of long rejiorts ; and 



among these is one which refers to the effect of the 



tariff on iron manufactured in the west. Tlie 



prices referred to are at Pittsburgh. 



In 182S, bar iron sold for $196 a $210 per ton. 



Now the price is 100 



In 1828, boiler iron was 350 per ton. 



Now it is 140 



In 1828, sheet iron was scarcely in 



the western market — value at 18 



Now it is manufactured in Pittsburgh, 



sufficient for the valley of the Ohio, at 8 50 

 In 1815 a 1820, cut nails were valued at 

 14 a 15 

 Now the same kind sells for 6 a 7 



Hoop iron in 1828 was worth 250 



Now it sells for 120 



Axes in 1820 were worth 24 



Now they sell for 12 



Scythes are now fifty per cent lower than in 1S24. 

 In 1820, iron hoes ground sold for 9 



Now steel hoes ground are worth 4 a 4^ 

 The same remarks apply to spades and shoTois ; 



and socket shovels sell now for 4J-, which in 1820 



were worth 12. 



English vices in 1820 were worth 20 a 22 

 A better article is now made in this 



coMntry, at 104^ 



The same article in 1824 sole! for 18| 



Braziers' rods (imported) in 1824 sold for 14 per 



11). now our manufacturers supply them at 130]icr 



ton, ^ to ^ inch in diameter. 



Withiu the last 8 years there have been erected 



12 new furnaces in Kentucky near the Ohio. 

 6 up the .Alleghany, 

 4 on the Monongahela, 

 21 in west Pennsylvania, 

 8 rolling mills in Pittsburg. 

 Steam engines are now fifty per cent lower 



than in 1820. 



Within the last year, more than 100 stoam 



engines have been made in Pittsburgh, and it is 



thought that upwards of 150 will be fitiished in 



1832. 



Some other items may hereafter form another 



collection, that will go to strengthen argunieaia. 

 U. S. Gaztle. 



John Randolph, of Roanoke, advertises in tbe 

 Nat. Intelligencer, bis whole collection of horses 

 for sale — ' terms low, and any credit given on good 

 security, the owner having no further use forlheni.' 



