170 



NEW ENGLAND FARMER, 



Dec. 14, 1831. 



ed at the top. The pipes and boiler are always 

 entirely full. When therefore heat is applied to 

 the boiler, ihe water having no room to e.xpand 

 within the boiler is forced along the pipe by the 

 expansive force of the increasing volume, and rises 

 in the reservoir instead of the boiler. Boilers on 



and those generally containing the highest concen- 

 trated juices. The peach should be transplanted 

 at one year's growth from the bud, and the apple, 

 pear, plum and cherry at two. Plants of this kind, 

 worked on suitable slocks, are more profitable to 

 the purchaser than large frees, produce good crops 

 this principle e.tisted with me before the publica- I sooner and are tlirice as apt to live when trans- 

 tion of Tredgold's essay, and the advantages are ported to a distance. I know this will seem para- 

 obvious and great. dox'cal to men unacqu.iinted with vegetable phy- 

 I could point out sonic other opinions which ] siolog-y, yet it is a truth admitted by every ex- 

 1 think erroneous into which Mr Perkins has j perienced nurseryman. A small tree is or ought 

 fallen, as to smoke flues, and the passage of water to be, taken up with its roots nearly entire ; while 



in a lower pipe of half the size of the iifiper, but 

 it is obvious, that he has no confidence in his own 

 opinions on this last point, or he would have spared 

 the expense of his heavy lower pipes, or even 

 now he would substitute a two inch and a half 

 lower pipe in place of his five inch, by which he 



a large one must suffer a great diminution by the 

 operation. Tlie first, having its organs entire, 

 receives but a slight check in growth by the 

 change. Far different with the large one. For 

 want of the usual supply of sap which the roots 

 supplied, the sap vessels contract and become caL 



would save the heating of 40 gallons of water, or lous, the wood becomes sickly for want of the 



one seventh part of his annual consumption of fuel 

 I presume he will admit that 280 gallons re- 

 quires more fuel to raise their temperature to a 

 given height, than 240 would. 



But there is something, so new in discussing 

 the merits of opinions which the public have never 

 seen and perhaps never can see without a breach 

 of good faith, that I forbear further discussion. 



This however, I will add, that nobody ever 

 doubted the entire competency of Atkinson's 

 plan to heat the houses to which tliey are applied, 

 but the great objection has been that they are too 

 good for the depth of the purses of those who 

 eannot afford to throw away 1000 in every 2000 

 pounds of coal, which the suppression of the 

 smoke flues probably produces. More than hidf 

 of all the hot houses &c, &c, of England are now 

 heated by smoke flues, and among the rest the 

 new and expensive hot house of Thomas"Andrew 

 Knight and the splendid ones of the IJuke of De- 

 Tonshire Ijuilt last summer oro ..<.,.. k=„,:„^ i,j 

 new builtsraoke flues. Twentyfive years' person- 

 al experience induces me to say, that were I com- 

 pelled to discard cither my steam, and liot water 

 apparatus, or my smoke flues, I should not hesitate 

 to give up the two first. For this I could assign 

 very many forcible reasons, but I select one which 

 is sufficient. I lieat my houses for about 6 months 

 at the cost of 30 dollars oidy. They are together 

 60 feet by 16 and 12. In moderate days I only 

 warm by the flues at a gentle rale, just to keep the 

 houses dry. If I was obliged to get up lov/ steam 

 or moderately hot water every day, it would cost 

 me 90 dollars. The former expense is better 

 suited to my feelings. RoxBURrENSis. 



usual circulation, and if the plant lives it seldom if 

 ever regains its vital energy. Besides, large trees 

 are often those which have been rejected for years 

 in the nursery, on account of stunted growth or 

 unhealthy appearance, and then sold to the ad- 

 mirers of large trees. There can be no imposition 

 in a healthy young tree ; while the packing, trans- 

 portation and prospect of living, give to it a man- 

 ifest advantage over a large one. For myself 1 

 would rather buy of the age I have described, 

 ttan accept large ones as a gift. — ff'esteni Tiller. 



The Southern Agriculturist for November last 

 eontains its usual quantity of valuable original 

 mailer. Among the communications we notice 

 one from Judge Buel, ' on the culture of fruit 

 trees in the Southern states, ' from which we ex- 

 tract the following : 



The apple produces best on a primitive forma- 

 tion, but gives the richest fruit and cider on the 

 transition, abounding in calcareous matter and 

 stones. The pear likes a moist loam inclining to 

 clay, and the plum one still more adhesive — the 

 f herry thrives on a lighter soil than the pear, and 

 the peach probably does well with you on your 

 lightest sands. There are exceptions to these 

 rules. The breaking pears, such as the Saint 

 Germain, &c, do best on a light sandy soil, that 

 is, here they give the beat fruit. The same may 

 be said of several apples, as the Downton pippin 



SUNFLOWER OIL 



Is extracted in the same maniaer as linseed, ex- 

 cept that the seed is hulled by jiassing it through 

 a machine for the purpose. Mr Barnitz of York, 

 Pa. informed us that the production of linseed oil 

 is declining rapidly, and that sunflower oil would 

 soon supersede it altogether, as it is much, more 

 profitable to the farmer. The sunflower oil lias 

 ueen inert ni pamt, and louixl to be aamirabiy 

 adapted to it, as it dries with great facility. For 

 lamps it answers a good purpose, and in some re- 

 spects is superior to sperm, especially in its perfect 

 freedom from all offensive smell. For the table 

 we think it will certainly supersede olive oil, as it 

 is much cheajjcr, and to many of a more agreeable 

 flavor. For the last purpose we have used a great 

 deal of it, and while we can get it shall certainly 

 never use olive oil. By Mr Barnilz's mode of ex- 

 tracting it he gets a gallon from every bushel of 

 seed. Many persons suppose that they have only 

 to lake their seed to a common oil mill, and get a 

 gallon of oil from a bushel ; but this is a mistake ; 

 the seed must be freed from its hull, and to do 

 this a machine (of the structure of which Mr B. 

 will give every information,) must be used. Mr 

 Barnitz has made a large quantity of this oil tliis 

 fall, and showed it to us in all its stages. He at 

 present gives 50 cents a bushel for sunflower seed, 

 and gets a dollar a gallon for the oil. When the 

 business gets established the price of seed will be 

 considerably more or that of the oil less, as at the 

 present prices a mill steadily at work would be 

 very profitab'e ; the oil cake nearly pays for the 

 extraction of the oil, it being an excellent article 

 of food for horses and cattle. — American Farmer. 



When inexhaustible coal mines were discover- 

 ed, we were told that the poor would have coal 

 exceedingly cheap ; but it seems that the more 

 coal discovered and the more companies establish- 

 ed, the higher is the price of coal. Why is this .' 

 How is this ? 



FEEDING CATTLE IN OHIO, 

 A correspondent of the Scioto (Ohio) Gazette, 

 has sent to the editor of that paper some facts re- 

 lative to the business of ' Stock Feeding,' which 

 is extensively carried on in the Scioto Vul- 

 ley. From these it apjiears thai the first stock or 

 store cattle were driven to an Eastern market in 

 the year 1801, and the trade continued success- 

 fully for three years. It was soon found that 

 there was no market at home for the surplus 

 grain raised in Ohio, and the distance too great 

 to send it to the eastwerd for sale ; in conse- 

 quence of which a citizen of Chillicothc deter- 

 mined to try the experiment of fattening cattle at 

 home. Sixty head were fed in the year 1084, 

 and the owner drove them to Baltimore, the near- 

 est market, and to his great astonishment the 

 project proved profitable. The succeeding year ] 

 from two to three hundred were driven to the 

 same market. In 1808, a drove was sent to Phi- 

 ladelphia, and subsequently others to New York 

 and Boston, and the number now exported from 

 the Valley alone amounts to ten thousand head 

 per animm. 



The cattle, however, are not all raised in Ohio ; 

 more tlian half of them are collected from difler- 

 ent parts of the Western States, the diflicidty and 

 labor of which are exemplified in the following 

 paragraph from the letter referred to. 



' Our cattle dealers think nothing of mounting 

 their horses and riding two, three, four, five, sii 

 and seven hundred miles in search of slock, and 

 when they procure and collect a drove, follow 

 them for months through the wilderness, carry- 

 ing their provisions on pack horses and encamp- 

 ing in the woods and i)rairies until they reach 

 here ; then graze or feed, them and proceed with 

 them to an eastern market. Thus have cattle 

 been purchased at the Council Bluffs, up the 



Missouii, Ullvcii I. CO onj ftU, onJ lljcil ouilt OH 



foot to the Pliiladclphia, New York and Boston 

 markets, and from thence shipped to the West 

 Indies — the entire operation of which consuming 

 something like three years.' — Hatnp. Gaz. 



A CHALLENGE. 

 William Cobbelt offers to bet any Yankee upon 

 the face of the earth, one hundred pounds, the 

 conditions of which bet are, that the said Yankee 

 shall plant an acre of corn next spring in one 

 piece, and Cobbelt will plant an acre of corn in 

 Old England ; the Yankee sliall have his acre 

 standing and growing in some place within ten 

 miles of the Ciiy of N. York. When the Yan- 

 kee shall declare his corn to be ripe he shall have 

 a square rod of it measured and from this it shall 

 be declared how much corn the Yankee has 

 standing upon his acre. The Yankee is at liberty 

 to appoint one of his countrymen residing in Eng- , 

 land, to lake an account of the amount of Cob- 

 bett's crop. That there may be no dispute about 

 big corn 'or little corn, and the difference or 

 amount of crop, or the difference there is in great 

 corn and small corn in filling the bushel, the ques- 

 tion is to he decided by the weight ofsbelled corn ; 

 that is to say, a rod of ground, impartially taken, 

 shall have the ears taken off, husked ant! shelled 

 upon the spot, and then weighed, and the ques- 

 tion to be decided by the weight. Cobbelt says 

 he is perfectly serious in his challenge, and that 

 he makes it to convince the people of the United 

 Slates thai the English can grow as good corn as 

 we can and even greater crops. 



