Vol. X.-No. 48. 



AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL. 



379 



pllsh tlie tligestion of bread which is not new. — 

 This difference is attributed to the greater adhe- 

 siveness of the hot bread, forming into a mass or 

 masses less penetrable to the gastric juice. — 

 Whether this should be regarded as a full explan- 

 ation there might perhaps be some doubt, but that 

 certain chemical changes arc constantly going on 

 in bread, from the moment it is baked until it is 

 unfit for use, and that, when a day or two old, it 

 is much more easily subjected to the delicate chem- 

 istry of the stomach, than it is when just taken 

 from the oven, there can be no doubt. 



A feeble stomach is always distmhed or oppress- 

 ed by hot bread ; and headache, vertigo, and some- 

 times cramp, cholera and convulsions, are caused 

 by it. Those who are predisposed, constitution- 

 ally or by their vocations, to dyspepsia — nay, ev- 

 erybody, inasmuch as the preservation of health 

 should be an object with everybody — ought to .-ib- 

 stain from it. For although in some cases it may 

 not for a time appear to do mischief, it is secretly 

 undermining the powers of the stomach, and dis- 

 ease will some day make its appearance in a form 

 more aggravated or obstinate, than if the stomach 

 had been put to a less severe task. 



The business of bread making is generally not 

 enough attended to in our country. The yest is 

 too often not perfectly sweet, and when it has be- 

 come sour, alkaline substances, as salasratns, or 

 pearl-ash, or soda, do not restore it to its original 

 fitness for the process of fermenting the dough. 

 Another defect is, that the dough when put into 

 the oven, is frequently not enough or too much 

 fermented, the consequence of which is, that the 

 bread is clammy or sour. Another and almost 

 universal defect is, that the bread is not baked 

 enough. The thickness of the loaf may be too 

 great for the heat of the oven, or the heat may be 

 so great as to burn or crisp the outside of the loaf, 

 before the inner parts are done. 



Hot bread should be banished from all our lit- 

 erary institutions ; and if the guardians of these 

 establishments were faithful to their trust, they 

 would not only interdict it, but would take care 

 that their students should be regularly furnished 

 with well made bread. 



From the Albany Evening Journal. 



LAMP OIL. 



Knowing that fraud, to a great extent, is yet 

 practised in the sale of lamp oil, notwithstanding 

 vvc have a law to prevent it, and the fraud being 

 so perfect that the senses of sight, smell, and taste, 

 except in those of great experience, cannot distin- 

 guish between them, although the difference in 

 price is very great when honestly sold. 



Sperm oil being from 6s 8d to 7s a gallon, ac- 

 cording to the quantity, while whale oil is but 

 from 2s Gd to 3s Gd. 



To detect the fraud, sperm oil weighs 7^ lbs. 

 the gallon, while whale oil weighs 7 lbs. lOi ozs. 

 The specific gravity, in dechnals, of sperm oil, is 

 8814, and whale oil is 9233. 



Those that have Southwfirth's Spirit Hydrome- 

 ter, will find that pure sperm oil stands 42 above 

 spirit proof, and whale oil at 18 above, which is 

 2 degrees below W. when the balance weight is 

 off. the thermometer standing at the same time at 

 seventy degrees, adding four degrees or deducting 

 on the hydrometer for every ten on the thermoni- 

 •ter. If the balance weight is on, then oil stands 



at eighty degrees above ])roof, and in sperm oil it 

 will sink entirely. 



The following is a correct test to try the purity 

 of sperm oil : — Take spirit of any kind, in a wine 

 glass, that is just fifty per cent above proof, and 

 drop into it sperm oil, and it will swim on the 

 sm-face ; and with a spoon take fifteen drops of 

 sperm oil and only one of whale oil, and mix 

 them together, and this mixture will sink to the 

 bottom ; and any other mixture of whale oil, in 

 larger proportion, will also sink. 



Those that have the glass French hydrometer 

 will find, when the thermometer is at eighty, sperm 

 oil will stand on the hydrometer at thirty degrees 

 and whale oil at twcntytwo, and for every ten de- 

 grees less on the thermometer, one degree less on 

 the hydrometer. 



But Southvvorth's Oleometer is a correct test, 

 for one per cent can be detected, and those that 

 have one have a card to explain it. 



Editors of papers, who will copy this and the 

 law, will oblige most of their patrons, as everyone 

 using oil is interested ; and very generally they 

 are getting only whale oil or mixture, when for 

 the same money they ought to have pure sperm 

 oil. 



From the Portsmouth Journal. 



THE FARMER. 



The great bulk of mankind must always get 

 their living by cultivating the soil. The character 

 of farmers, therefore, settles the character of the 

 community in general. The profits of fanning 

 are slow but sure. 



The good farmer grows rich simply by the in- 

 creased value which he every year gives to his 



4. If it is an object to increase i)aslurage, it 

 can be done by division fences to a very great 

 extent. 



HORSES. 



Let every horse you keep be a good one, be- 

 cause he eats no more than a poor hack ; and he 

 will do more service, and sell for something if you 

 wish to part with him. 



THE SCIENCE OF nCSBANnilT. 



All nature is governed by fixed laws or princi- 

 ples, and the true art of husbandry consists in a 

 correct knowledge of these principles, with their 

 application to every plant, every .soil, and every 

 change in the seasons. The design of cultivation 

 is to assist nature. We govern nature only by 

 obeying her laws. 



There is no soil so good but it may be exhaust- 

 ed and ruined by bad tillage ; and there is none so , 

 bad but it may be rendered fertile, if it can be 

 swarded. 



From the American Farmer. 



POMOLOGICAL MANUAL. 

 William R. Prince, Esq., of tlie Linnsean Bo- 

 tanic Garden at Flushing, N. Y., has recently pub- 

 lished the second part of the Pomological Manual, 

 containing descriptions of a great variety of fruit, 

 such as peaches, plums, nectarines, cherries, al- 

 monds, raspberries, strawberries and pears. He 

 has reserved apples for the third part, and very 

 judiciously, as he will be able to avail of the 

 contents of several European publications on th« 

 subject, and ampng them the Pyrus Mains Brent- 

 fordiensis, Wp have occasionally made copious 

 extracts from this part of the Pomological Manual 



farm. His buildings and fences are yearly grow- '" '"•^a'l'^e of its publication, having been politely 

 ing better ; his debts are also growing less, and hisr"™"''"' ^'''"' 1"'°°^ impressions by the author, 



business more easy of management ; so that by the 

 time of life in which care becomes burdensome, 

 he generally finds himself in a situation to travel 

 the down hill of life with a good degree of com- 

 fort. 



The poor fiirmer, on the other hand, is the re- 

 verse of all this. His affairs, so far as they depend 

 on his management, grow worse and worse. His 

 fixtures decay, and are patched up so as to do for 

 the present ; hi^ soil is impoverished ; his debts 

 increase ; his cares and perjdexities multiply ; and 

 he finds himself, when old age unfits him "for the 

 burden, obliged to mortgage or sell his farm, and 

 to live on the ])ittance which his property has 

 gained in value by the rise of prices around him. 



The greatest calamity to a farmer is a heavy 

 debt. A fire is nothing to it, because the flames 

 do not exact interest. 



" The eye of a master does more work than both 

 his hands," but it must be an eye wide awake. — 

 There is a difference between eyes and no eyes. 



To save expense and labor, is ready money with 

 interest, because it saves time, which is more val- 

 uable than money. 



GENERAL DIVISIONS OF A FARM. 



1. Assign as much of your farm to the plough 

 as you can manure thoroughly, with plaster or 

 strong manure. 



2. Keep no more for mowing than you can 

 consume on your farm with profitable stock, un- 

 less in the neighborhood of some large town, 

 where the sale of hay will purchase manure. 



3. Keep no more stock upon your farm than 

 you can keep well. 



and therefore our readers will have been enabled 

 to form an opinion of the work for themselves. — 

 We cannot omit referring, however, to a very 

 prominent and valuable characteristic of the Po- 

 mological Manual ; we refer to the names of fruit. 

 Almost every kind of fruit has several names, by 

 which it is known in different countries and in 

 different parts of the same country. In the 3Ian- 

 ual, Mr Prince has adopted the name most gener- 

 ally ajjplied to each kind, and at the same time 

 given all the other names as synonymes, by which 

 means, persons acquainted only with one of the 

 local names are enabled to ascertain the true one. 

 Besides this, it will save many persons the expense 

 and vexation of purchasing the same fruit imder a 

 variety of names, under the supposition that they 

 are obtaining several kinds. This is a peculiar 

 feature of the "Treatise on the Vine," also, by the 

 same author, and it cannot be too highly com- 

 mended. There are several other valuable traits 

 in this work, and among them we notice the ex- 

 position of an error long prevalent in all parts of 

 the country, in relation to raspberries. What is 

 commonly called the "Red Antwerp raspberry" is 

 not an Antwerp, but a variety very inferior to that 

 fruit. This error was pointed out to us last fall, 

 while on a visit to Flushing, by Mr Prince. We 

 would recommend the Pomological Manual to all 

 orchardists and gardeners, as a valuable guide to 

 their professional pursuits. 



Solvent for PuUy. — To move panes of old glass 

 from sashes, spread with a small brush, a little ni- 

 tric or muriatic acid over the putty, and it will soon 

 become soft, and can be removed without injury. 



