1849. 



THE GENESEE FARMER. 



37 



what state the butter exists in it before the operation. 

 Having carefully examined with a powerful micro- 

 scope sued milk, cream, and butter, in the various 

 stages of the operation, 1 have found the particles oi 

 butter in the form of minute globules existing in 

 each and every case without the least perceptible 

 change. In milk the particles appear independent 

 of each other, floating in the fluid. In cream they 

 appear to have partially collected together, not being 

 compact hut the interstices filled with the more Quid 

 parts of the milk. In butter they appear closely 

 compact, the fluid being entirely expelled. By vari- 

 ous experiments it is ascertained that these particles 

 unite more readily at some temperatures than others, 

 producing at a proper temperature more butter and 

 that of a better quality. If too warm, the adhesive 

 power of the particles is in a measure destroyed and 

 a portion only can be secured, while what is collected 

 is soft and colorless. If too cold, the particles become 

 hard and refuse to unite, though often brought in 

 contact, the result is as before — only a part of the 

 butter is secured and that hard and crumbling. The 

 proper temperature for producing the most and best 

 butter is from 58° to 60° Fahrenheit. 



The continued agitation of the cream or milk is 

 the means commonly used to promote the separation 

 of butter from the fluid. This is a simple process 

 and is performed in various ways — in some countries 

 bv placing the milk in leathern bottles upon the hacks 

 of camels, where the motion of the animal agitates 

 the milk. In this country the ordinary upright dash 

 or barrel churn has been longest known, and produces, 

 under equal circumstances, as much and as good 

 butter as any other kind in use. The Cylinder Churn 

 known as KendalFs Patent (see figure) is probably 



as extensively 



in use as 

 other, if 

 more so. 

 principal 

 vantages 

 the dash churn 

 are, that it pro- 

 duces an equal 

 and uniform 

 action by means 

 of a c rank, the 



|& 



any 

 not 

 Its 

 ad- 

 over 



Kendall's Cylinder Churn. 



most natural mode of applying manual power. The 

 paddles are readily removed to take out the butter 

 and it is easily cleaned. The Thermometer Churn 

 is similar in its construction to Kendall's, except it 

 has two metalic cylinders — one within the other, 

 and the cream is tempered by introducing hot or cold 

 water between them — the temperature being at all 

 times indicated by a thermometer permanently set in 

 the cylinder. The prin- 

 cipal difficulty with this 

 churn arises from the 

 butter adhering to the 

 inside of the metalic 

 cylinder. Were it not 

 for this objection, it 

 would be the most com- 

 plete churn in use. 



Another kind much 

 in use and highly ap- 

 proved is Gcmlt's Cylin- 

 der Churn. (See fig.) 

 Gault's Cylinder Chum. The principal difference 

 between this and Kendall's is that it opens in the 



middle and never can he more than half full; this 

 would make it i; B large and more ex- 



pensive article for the same dairy. 



Still another kind has been recently introduced, 

 called the Atmospheric Churn. (See figure.) Its 



i is square and 

 it has a perpendicu- 

 lar hollow shaft in 

 the center termina- 

 al the bottom in 

 two horizontal hol- 

 low arms. By means 

 of crank and gear 

 this shaft is made to 

 revolve rapidly in 

 the direction of the 

 arrows, (B15,) caus- 

 ing the air within 

 the horizontal tube 

 (D) to be thrown 



Atmospheric Clan;,. Qut fay centrifugal 



force at the open ends. The fresh supply of air 

 rushing in the upright shaft at c, c, c, c, to supply the 

 arms D, thus causing a commotion by the combined 

 action of the tubes, air, and square form of the churn. 



The inventors of the churn last named claim that, 

 by the aid of the oxygen absorbed from the atmos- 

 phere, butter is produced in less time and with less 

 labor: but experience shows that the separation is 

 caused by the agitation which forcibly brings the 

 particles in contact where they unite and collect in 

 large masses, if the temperature is favorable. In a 

 public trial of the Atmospheric Churn under different 

 temperatures, at the N. Y. State Agricultural So- 

 ciety's Rooms in this city, in September last, it 

 failed to produce butter at all at a temperature of 78° 

 Fahr. After reducing the temperature by ice to 58° 

 and dividing the cream equally between this and 

 Kendall's Cylinder Churn, both were put in motion 

 at the same time. At the end of seven minutes the 

 Atmospheric Churn produced one pound of butter, 

 and the temperature of the cream had risen to 68° 

 Fahr. In ten minutes the Kendall's Churn had pro- 

 duced one pound seven and one-half ounces of butter, 

 and the cream had risen only to 62°. The extraor- 

 dinary change in temperature in the atmospheric 

 churn was caused by the absorption of heat from the 

 air of the room, (it being quite a warm day,) which 

 was constantly passing through the cream. Ken- 

 dall's churn being almost entirely shut from the air, 

 the cream was very little affected by it — thus proving 

 conclusively that the presence and absorption of oxy- 

 gen by the cream is not only unnecessary, but its 

 introduction is often attended with much disadvan- 

 tage. Could the air where the churn is used always 

 be of the proper temperature, (which is impossible,) 

 the atmospheric churn would undoubtedly become 

 extensively used. 



It may" be remarked that, other circumstances 

 being equal, the time occupied in churning makes 

 no difference in the amount of butter produced : and 

 consequently where done by do;r or water power, 

 the ordinary dash churn can be used to as good 

 advantage as any other. But when manual labor is 

 applied it is important that the process should require 

 as little time as possible, :i:d may be sooner and easier 

 accomplished with either of the cylinder churns 

 above described. Albany, A". V- January, 1849. 



Note. — For figure, &c, of Crowell's Thermome- 

 ter Churn, see vol. ix, page 69, of this journal.— Ed. 



