IS I'.). 



T1IK CHNHSUK KAIIMKK. 



93 



and the Scotch fir. two or three species of the willow, 

 ;i species of the alder, the hird-cherrv, tho aspar, the 

 goose-berry and the rasp-hern ■ and as we go on 



south W6 arrive at the northern limit of the ash, the 



oak and the beech. The northern limit of the oak on 



the Atlantic coast of Norway is 68 degrees north lati- 

 tude. On the eastern part of Europe on the, borders 



of Asia it is not found north of 57 J : a fact showing 

 the difference <^' climate between eastern and western 

 Europe. On the coast of Norway the spruce fir is 

 not found north of 67°; the Scotch fir extends to 70° 

 and the birch to 71°. 



The birch unfolds its leaf when the temperature 

 anv time during the month rises to 52 degrees. It 

 has been found that barley may be produced where 

 the mean temperature during 90 successive days rises 

 to is degrees. It has ripened in Norway under the 

 70th degree of latitude. In European Russia wheat 

 scarcely l^pens at 60° ; and the limit of it in Kam- 

 skatka, the eastern part of Asia, is 51° ; and on the 

 eastern coast of America not beyond 52°. Wheat 

 demands a warmer climate than oats or barley. The 

 apple does net ripen north of 62° in northern Europe, 

 nor north of 57° in eastern. 



Humboldt estimates that the cultivation of the vine 

 succeeds only in those climates where the annual 

 mean temperature is between 50 and 68 degrees. 

 The mean temperature may be as low as 48°, provided 

 the summer heat rises to 68. In the old world these 

 conditions are found true as far north as lat. 60°; and 

 in the new not beyond 40°, and ceases in both within 

 30° of the equator. Thus, as the reader will observe, 

 the region for vineyards is twice as broad in the old 

 world as in the new. 



The orange and lemon require an annual mean 

 temperature of 62 degrees. 



I have endeavored in this communication to give 

 the reader a sketchy, outline view of the distri- 

 bution of plants. I am indebted to "Rhind's His- 

 tory of the Vegetable Kingdom" for some of the facts 

 here given. 



I propose to present in a future number of the 

 Farmer some considerations on the subject of climat- 

 ology, which is intimately connected with the present. 

 I shall then have occasion to refer the reader to the 

 cut inserted in the present article for further illus- 

 tration. Rochester, JY. Y., March, 1849. 



TILE FOE UNDER-DRAINS. — INQUIRY. 



Messrs. Editors: — For several years past I have 

 read much in the Genesee Farmer and Albany Culti- 

 vator, urging the importance of thoroughly draining 

 all wet lands; and each of them for March has an 

 excellent article on under-draining, from practical far- 

 mers, showing its importance, and how soon a return 

 is obtained for the outlay. Many farms are destitute 

 of suitable materials to build drains with, and tile are 

 needed. 



The object of this article is to arrive at the best 

 pattern for tile. I intend to commence the manufac- 

 ture of tile, this spring, of the following pattern: — 

 The tile over a half circle, three inches in the clcax 

 about fourteen inches long; and flats, the same lengtn 

 of tho tile, wide enough to lay tho tile on: when laid 

 to brake joints like brick work. 



If any of your readers can describe a better pattern 

 for tile, will they please give a description in the 

 Farmer ? Alvin Wilcox. — West Bloomjield, JY. Y. 



For price, &c, of Mr. W.'s tile, see advertisement in this 

 paper. — Ed. 



A CHEAP STUMP MACHINE. 



Missus. Editors: — You have so many times 

 called upon the readers qI the Parmer to become con- 

 tributors to its pages thai I have determined to make 

 the attempt, and herewith Bend vou a description and 



rude sketch of a Stump Machine, with which last 

 fall I cleared fifteen acres from stumps. 



There may be many of your readers living, like 

 myself, on farms not very heavily timbered originally, 

 and which have been cleared long enough for the 

 roots of the stumps to become considerably decayed, 

 to whom it would be some object to obtain a small, 

 cheap and simple stump machine, which would 

 answer their purpose as well as one more costly. In 

 the sketch 1 is a round pole 10 feet long, 4 inches in 

 diameter at the largest end, which is well banded. 

 Into this is inserted a bar of iron 2 by 2 \ inches, 

 drawn to half that size at the end inserted into the 

 pole, and 2 feet long. Near the end 

 of this, two notches are cut, a little 

 over A\ inches apart. In the mid- 

 dle between these, a hole is punched 

 and a link 6 inches long inserted, as 

 seen in Fig. 2, which represents 

 the bar, large hook to hitch under a 

 root of the stump, a link inserted in 

 each, and a connecting hook. The 

 links are made of round \ inch 

 Swede's iron, the connecting hook 

 of 1J do.; the large hook of a bar 

 Fig. 2. of old sable iron 18 inches long, 



bent round edgwise. 3 is a frame consisting of two 

 oak planks 3 inches thick, 8 wide, and 7 feet long, 

 pinned together at the ends through a piece of 4 inch 

 scantling, between the planks. There are two rows, 

 4£ inches apart, of \\ inch holes through these planks: 

 the holes being 3£ inches apart in the rows, from 

 center to center. The holes in the right hand row 

 are one inch lower than the opposite ones in the loft. 

 Through these holes two iron bolts, as large as the 

 holes, are made to pass for the bar or lever to rest upon. 

 To use this machine, it is set up as seen in the 

 figure; 4 being a board for a brace, the lever placed 

 between the planks, the notches resting on the two 

 bolts, and the hook hitched under a root. Now ele- 

 vate the end of the lever, (which needs a short pole 

 attached by a ring to the end of a long one,) with- 

 draw the left hand bolt and raise it one hole higher; 

 now depress the end of the lever and raise the right 

 hand bolt; and so on as high as you wish. The cost 

 of the machine was $7— iron $4, making $3. Any 

 blacksmith and carpenter can construct one. With 

 a team and 6led or stone boat to draw the machine 

 about, I have seen two hands, on a lot that had been 

 cleared fourteen years, pull in a day from sixty to a 

 hundred stumps, mostly from ten to eighteen inches 

 in diameter. Ontario Co., 1849. T. W. 



