vol.. XI. NO. 41. 



AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL. 



325 



lively few who need tliem most, ever see them ; 

 should you go through the county you would find 

 many who liave never seen any of them, and vast 

 numbers more who had only seen incidentally a 

 lew, or parts of them. The fault may be their 

 own : your object, however, is to enlighter. the ig- 

 norant and rouse up the inactive, and call into ex- 

 ercise the dormant powers of society. Your suc- 

 cess depends, in part at least, as does that of every 

 desirable eflbrt, in taking land yet uncultivated, 

 exciting minds yet unutiected, sending light and 

 improvement where there is yet darkness. 



As a means of doing this, large and cheap edi- 

 tions of your reports or parts of them should be 

 printed, and effectual means put in requisition to 

 circulate them gratuitously or at the lowest pos- 

 sible price among those who remain yet unmoved. 



2. The tract system might usefully be brought 

 into operation here. This is an engine of immense 

 I)OWer in the hands of whatever body of men and 

 for whatever purpose employed, and as might be 

 expected the enemies and the friends of truth 

 have availed themselves of its influence ; good or 

 evil, according to the character of the effort, lias, 

 to an incalculable extent, always been the result. 

 Those who have worthy objects and where this 

 means can be brought in, should be forward to 

 avail themselves of its help. It appears to me that 

 this power is well suited to the object of this So- 

 ciety, and perfectly withhi your means. Short es- 

 says, plain, practical, and pertinent, on subjects of 

 local and county interest, illustrated when neces- 

 sary with lithographic or other cuts, printed in a 

 cheap form, and circulated extensively through 

 the county, particularly among those who have 

 taken but little interest in the improvementsthat 

 are going on, could not but be attended with the 

 best effects. It is a mistake to suppose tliat be- 

 cause men have hitherto been inactive and with- 

 out interest in a good cause, they can never be 

 drawn iu to countenance and to help it on. There 

 are many men, strong in nerve, vigorous in mind, 

 or rich iu wealth, who ought, and may be induced 

 to come in as active and efiicient helpers. 



3. I will suggest also the expediency of 

 holding meetings in different parts of the coimty 

 and at convenient seasons of the year, not for ex- 

 hibition, but to communicate information : at which 

 time Lectures should be given on subjects of gen- 

 eral utility by persons appointed for the purpose, 

 and on subjects assigned them. In this way a 

 greater interest would be excited, better lectures 

 ordinarily secured, and when judged expedient, 

 particularly adapted to the wants and interest of 

 that part of the county where the meeting is held. 

 With the talent possessed by the members of the 

 Board of Managers and the zeal felt by them, it 

 would not be difficult to secure from their own 

 body men enough to perform this service for some 

 years : there are, too, many other public-spirited 

 and able men, who if specially invited, would 

 give an enlightened and encouraging assistance to 

 an undertaking of this kind. Every such lectiu'e 

 would kindle up a new spirit in the neighborhood 

 where it was delivered, keep up inquiry where an 

 interest was already felt, preserve in remem- 

 brance the Society and its objects, new sub- 

 scribers would be obtained, and thus new talents 

 and new interest secured to your cause. 



I will ask whether it woidd not be well to ap- 

 point local or town committees, who should be 

 requested to collect and commimicate to the Socie- 

 ty information of any instances of good cultivation, 



or new articles of produce or manufacture, and 

 whatever case they may thudi of common interest 

 within their respective towns. There are no 

 doubt many instances of good husbandry and use- 

 ful inventions and easy methods of accomplishing 

 business in the county, of which there is no gen- 

 eral information, and of which the public, under 

 existing circumstances, are not likely to be made 

 speedily acquainted. There are many truly wor- 

 thy and skilful farmer and mechanics, who not 

 being much accustomed to the pen, feel a reluc- 

 tance, and indeed would meet with some difliculty 

 in making out a written account of their opera 

 tions, who at the same time would readily commu- 

 nicate in conversation all the information necessary 

 to enable those used to writing to give a full and 

 useful account of their improvement and success- 

 ful experiment. Information relating to such cus- 

 toms and other useful and important subjects 

 might reasonably be expected from the proposed 

 committees; for not only their own public spirit, 

 but the character and reputation of their towns, 

 would excite them to activity and promptness in 

 the business to which they were appointed. 



A depository is needed, where models and spec- 

 imens of agricultural inventions and other things 

 of general interest may be placed. Many things 

 which are brought to the public shows, would be 

 readily left in such a place, while from various 

 sources both within and out of the county, such 

 an establishment would be filled faster than would 

 at first be anticipated. It would serve also as a 

 medium through which new or valuable varieties 

 of seeds, plants and fruits might be spread abroad 

 more extensively and readily than can under exist- 

 ing circumstances be effected. The advantages 

 would certainly be great, and the facilities which 

 it would afford to the designs of this Society very 

 numerous. Some difficulties certainly present 

 themselves to this object, the greatest of which 

 are those which the local circumstances of the 

 county present, and the rotatory mode of holding 

 the annual exhibitions. These are certainly un- 

 favorable circumstances so far as the subject pro- 

 posed is concerned; yet I thing not sufficiently so 

 to prevent the carrying it into effect. A deposi- 

 tory placed in the centre or in either of the large 

 towns, could without great difficulty be visited 

 from every part of the county; and though of 

 greater advantage to those living nearest, would 

 be of more advantage to the most remote than 

 none; imperfect and unequal in many things, but 

 better than destitution. 



[To be cuiilinucil.] 



From the Penn. Advocate. 

 EXPANSIOIV OF SOIilDS BV HEAT. 



The general and comparative expansion of 

 solids by heat is exemplified in the following 

 cases : — 



A cannon ball, when heated, cannot be made to 

 enter an opening, through whieh, when cold, it 

 passes readily. 



A glass stopper sticking fast in the neck of a 

 bottle often may be released by surrounding the 

 neck with a cloth taken out of warm water — or by 

 immersing the bottle in the water up to tlie neck : 

 the binding ring is thus heated and expanded soon- 

 er than the stopper, and so becomes slack or loose 

 upon it. 



Pipes for conveying hot water, steam, hot air, 

 &c., if of considerable length, must have joinings 

 that allow a degree of shortening and lengthening. 



otherwise a change of temperature may destroy 

 them. An incompetent person undertook to warm 

 a large mamifactory by steam from one boiler. 

 He laid a rigid main pipe along a passage, and 

 opened lateral branches through holes into the 

 several apartments, but on his first admitting the 

 steam, the expansion of the main pipe tore it away 

 from all its branches. 



In an iron railing, a gate which during a cold 

 day may be loose, and easily shut or opened, iu a 

 warm day may stick, owing to there being greater 

 expansion of it and of the neighboring railing, than 

 of the earth on which they are placed. Thus, 

 also, the centre of the arch of an iron bridge is 

 higher in warm than in cold weather ; while, on 

 the contrary, in a suspension or chain bridge, the 

 centre is lowered. 



The iron pillars now so much used to support 

 the front walls of which the ground stories serve 

 as shops, with spacious windows, in warm weath- 

 er really lift up the wall which rests upon them, 

 and in cold weather allow it again to sink or sub- 

 side — hi a degree considerably greater than if the 

 wall were brick from top to bottom. 



In some situations, (as lately was seen in the 

 beautiful steeple of Bow church, in London,) 

 where the stones of a building are held together by 

 clamps or bars of iron, with their end bent into 

 them, the expansion in summer of these clamps 

 will force the stones apart sufficiently for dust or 

 sandy particles to lodge between them: and then, 

 on the return of winter, the stones not being at 

 liberty to close as before, will cause the ends of 

 the shortened clamps to be drawn out, and the ef- 

 fect increasing with each revolving year, the struc- 

 ture will at last be loosened and may fall. 



The pitch of a piano-forte or harp is lowered in 

 a warm day or in a warm room, owing to the ex- 

 pansions of the strings being greater than of the 

 wooden frame-work ; and in cold the reverse will 

 happen. A harp or piano, which is well tuned in 

 a morning drawing room, caunot be perfectly in 

 tune when the crowded evening party lias heated 

 the room. 



Bell-wires too slack in suumier, may be of the 

 proper length in winter. 



From the Southern Planter. 

 Twiggs county, March 14, 1833. 

 Mr. Editor — Sir, seeing in your valuable pa- 

 per, the Southern Phmter, a piece over the signa- 

 ture of George P. Cooper, for raising calves, I 

 would beg leave, through your paper, to offer a 

 substitute. — Instead of putting the milk in a pail, 

 I would advise it to be jmt in a gourd and liave a 

 hole in the end, which the calf will suck as it did 

 its mother's teat. This experiment has been made 

 in this county, and found that the calf did well 

 after losing its mother, and was raised to be a 

 good beast. After a little while it will suck meat 

 liquor as well as milk, which makes the food 

 cheaper and very nourishing to the animal, and 

 will save the trouble of sucking the finger as pre- 

 scribed. If you think this worth putting in your 

 valuable paper you are at liberty to do so. 



Twiggs Farmer. 



Mammoth Ox. A beef Ox belonging to Col. 

 John Spring, of Saco, Me. was weighed on the 

 23d ult. and his weight was found to be ninetetn 

 hundred and fifteen pounds! — The Jlge. 



Green Peas made their first appearance for the 

 season in the Savauuah market, on the 2d inst. 



