DEFINITION OF TERMS. 



185 



tion cools, it again coagulates into the 

 form of a jelly. When long boiled, it 

 loses the property of gelatinizing by cool- 

 ing, and becomes analogous to mucilage. 

 This is the reason that in making current 

 jelly or any other jelly, when the quan- 

 tity of sugar added is not sufficient to 

 absorb all the watery parts of the fruit, 

 and consequently it is necessary to con- 

 centrate the liquid by long boiling, the 

 mixture often loses the property of coa- 

 gulating, and the jelly, of course, is 

 spoiled. 



Jelly combines readily with alkalies. 

 Nitric acid converts it into oxalic acid, 

 without separating any azotic gas. When 

 dried it becomes transparent. When 

 distilled it affords a great deal of pyro- 

 mucous acid, a small quantity of oil, and 

 scarcely any ammonia. Jelly exists in 

 all the acid fruits, as oranges, lemons, 

 gooseberries, &c. If the juice of these 

 fruits is allowed to gelatinize, and then 

 poured upon a scarce, the acid gradually 

 filtrates through and leaves the other; 

 which may be washed with a little cold 

 water, and allowed to dry. Its bulk gra- 

 dually diminishes, and it concretes into a 

 hard transparent brittle mass, which pos- 

 sesses most of the properties of gum. 

 Perhaps, then, jelly is merely gum com- 

 bined with vegetable acid. 



Joint tenants, are those that come to 

 and hold land or tenements by one title, 

 pro indiviso, or without partition. 



These are distinguished from sole or 

 several tenants, from parceners, or from 

 tenants in common ; and they must joint- 

 ly implead and jointly be impleaded by 

 others, which property is common be- 

 tween them and coparceners ; but joint 

 tenants have a sole quality of survivor- 

 ship, which coparceners have not ; for if 

 there are two or three joint tenants and 

 one has issue and dies, then he or those 

 joint tenants that survive, shall have the 

 whole by survivorship. 



If an estate is given to a pleurality of 

 persons, without adding any restrictive, 

 exclusive or explanatory words, as if an 

 estate is granted to A and B and their 

 heirs, this makes them immediately joint 

 tenants in fee of the lands. If there are 

 two joint tenants, and one releases the 

 other, this passes a fee without the word 



heirs, but the tenants in common cannot 

 release to each other, for the release sup- 

 poses the party to have the thing in de- 

 mand, but tenants in common have seve- 

 ral distinct freeholds which they cannot 

 transfer otherwise than as persons who 

 are sole seized. 



The right of survivorship shall take 

 place immediately upon the death of the 

 joint tenant, whether it is a natural or ci- 

 vil death. Joint tenants may make par- 

 tition ; the one party may compel the 

 other to make partition, which must be 

 by deed ; that is to say, all the parties 

 must by deed actually convey and assure 

 to each other the several estates which 

 they are to take and enjoy, severally and 

 separately. 



Jointure. — A jointure, strictly speak- 

 ing, signifies a joint estate, limited to 

 both husband and wife, but in common 

 acceptation, it extends also to a sole es- 

 tate, limited to the wife only, and may 

 be thus defined, viz: a competent liveli- 

 hood of freehold for the wife, of lands 

 and tenements, to take effect, in profit for 

 possession presently after the death of 

 the husband, for the life of the wife at 

 least. 



Judgments. — The opinion of the 

 judges so called, and is the very voice 

 and final doom of the law, and therefore 

 is always taken for unquestionable truth; 

 or it is the sentence of the law pro- 

 nounced by the court, upon the matter 

 contained in the record. 



Judgments are of four sorts. — 1. 

 Where the facts are confessed by the 

 parties, and the law determined by the 

 court, which is termed judment by 

 demurrer. 2. Where the law is admit- 

 ted by the parties, and the facts only are 

 disputed, as in judgment upon a demur- 

 rer. 3. Where both the fact and the 

 law arising thereon are admitted by the 

 defendant, as in case of judgment by 

 confession or default. 4. Where the 

 plaintiff is convinced that fact, or law, or 

 both, are insufficient to support his ac- 

 tion, and therefore abandons or with- 

 draws his prosecution, as in case of a 

 judgment upon a nonsuit or retraxit. — 

 Judgments are either interlocutory or 

 final. Interlocutory judgments are such 

 as are given in the middle of a cause, up- 



