1903 



FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 



345 



fixing handle. No. n, cast bronze, No. n, copper axe, with winged pole 

 socketed for insertion of handle ; ring for attachment by cords to handle ; 

 at side to aid in fixing handle. No. 12, Cuzco, Peru. No. 12, stone axe, water- 

 stone, pecked into shape, ground, and worn pebble, pecked and ground to 

 drilled for insertion of handle ; Sweden. edge, hole drilled through center flat- 

 No. 13, stone, pecked into shape, ground, wise, pole squared and ground length- 

 and drilled for insertion of handle. No. w r ise for attachment of handle by cords ; 



14, iron axe, with curved pole, used for Bolivia. No. 13, copper axe, chopping- 

 cutting timber in Fusan, Korea. No. knife form, stem or pole perforated for 



15, modern Americanized European attachment of handle ; Peru, 

 chopping axe of iron and steel 



in use throughout the world. 



Illustration II shows the 

 evolution of the axe of the 

 American Indian. 



No. i is simply a broken 

 stone, used for hacking and 

 pounding. No. 2, stone, made 

 from oval water-\vorn boul- 

 der, chipped from one side to 

 a rude edge, possibly hafted ; 

 Virginia. No. 3, notched stone 

 axe, fragment of rock chipped 

 slightly on margins and notch- 

 ed for attachment of handle ; 

 Virginia. No. 4, ground stone, 

 water-worn pebble of trap 

 rock, pecked or battered into 

 shape and then ground to an 

 edge ; pole used as a hammer ; 

 Rhode Island. No. 5, stone 

 axe, grooved, of porphyry, 

 pecked into shape, then 

 ground ; encircling groove 

 with bordering ridges for at- 

 tachment of handle ; Massa- 

 chusetts. No. 6, grooved stone 

 axe; fine-grained stone ground 

 all over; flat back, groove with 

 bordering ridges for attach- 

 ment of handle ; Ohio. No. 

 7, grooved stone axe; two- 

 edged, groove in middle, with 

 bordering ridges, surface 

 ground and part polished ; 

 Pennsylvania. No. 8, grooved stone 

 axe, blade nearly round, ground all 

 over, groove near pointed pole for 

 attachment of handle ; Costa Rica. 



in. SHOWING THREE GERMAN AND TWO AMERICAN 



AXES. 



Illustration III shows three typical 

 modern German axes. These imple- 

 ments differ radically from the common 

 American axe, but are not so clumsy 



No. 9, stone axe, squarish outline, and inefficient as they appear at first 

 polished all over, with notches in sight. For the purpose of comparison 

 edges for attachment of handle, pole one single-bitted and a double-bitted 

 hollowed to fit handle above. No. 10, American axe are included in the pic- 

 stone axe, semi-lunar blade, with tenon ture. 

 or stem for insertion of handle ; Brazil. 



