1904 



FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 



135 



thus become the best sort of forest 

 schools, not merely for the scientific 

 foresters, but for the much larger num- 

 ber of men needed as rangers and forest 

 guards. At present the demand for 

 such men far exceeds the supply, and 

 many large owners of forest properties 

 in the East have been discouraged in 

 their intention to introduce forest man- 

 agement on their properties by their 

 inability to get competent men. 



I have indicated some of the lines of 

 the future development of the federal 

 forest reserves ; but the most important 



of all will be their educational value, 

 not only to the people and the states 

 where they are located, but to the whole 

 country. These reservations, scattered 

 through a" wide range of latitude and 

 longitude and dealing with widely va- 

 riant climatic conditions, must, as the 

 years go by, furnish steadily accumu- 

 lating experience of value throughout 

 the country, and such knowledge of for- 

 estry as will put the United States in 

 the vanguard of those nations that make 

 the wisest use of this fundamental na- 

 tional resource. 



STANDARD DEVICES FOR PUMPING. 



BY 



C. A. WENTWORTH. 



ages on various forms of machinery, 

 which have their simplest modern ex- 

 amples in the capstan or the hay press 

 and the "horse-power" treadmill. 



BY far the greater portion of the In India and Egypt, where human 

 water used in irrigation processes labor is cheap, the natives toil patiently, 

 is diverted by gravity from flowing operating clumsy, Oriental devices in 

 streams. Advantage is taken of the fact order to gain small streams of water for 

 that 2^ or 3 feet fall to the mile is quite their thirsty crops. 



sufficient to lead the water wherever it is The power of cattle and horses has also 

 needed, whereas the main stream from been employed for pumping through the 

 which it is taken usually falls from 4 to 

 8 feet in the same distance. Generally 

 it may be said that every foot in differ- 

 ence of elevation which the diverted 

 water gains over its 

 source gives it corre- 

 spondingly wider ra- 

 dius of utility within 

 the same valley. After 

 a few miles of gain the 

 diverted water may 

 even become available 

 as a considerable source 

 of power. 



Under certain condi- 

 tions of topography, 

 however, it may be 

 easier or less expensive 

 or, indeed, the only 

 practicable way to take 

 advantage of a source of 

 water supply, to pump 

 it from a lower level to 

 the point where it is 

 needed. 



HORSE-POWER OPERATING A BUCKET PUMP. 



