422 



FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 



September 



gradually abandoned and in its place 

 the meadows made their appearance. 

 The clearing has gone on until most of 

 the ridges have been cleared, except 

 small patches of timber, which may 

 rightfully be termed the farmer's wood- 

 lot. They vary from a few acres to 

 thirty or forty, consisting mainly of 

 second growth. 



The growth may be seen from the 

 following table : 



SOIL, YELLOW SANDY LOAM. 



Species. Per cent 



Ouercus alba 24 



Ouercus rubra .... 1 1 



Quercus tinctoria 19 



Carya alba . . . 20 



Populus grandidentata 3 



Acer nigrum 4 



Ulmus americana 3 



Juglans cinerea 16 



The tree growth in the valleys of one 

 of the smaller streams may be seen from 

 the following table. The soil is a yel- 

 low loam with a good deposit of humus : 



In western Wisconsin the following 

 forest formations can be recognized : 



1. The river formation. 



2. The sandy upland. 



3. The valley formation. 



a. Uplands. 



b. Bottoms. 



4. The ridge. 



5. The tamarack. 



i. The River Formation. The more 

 important species found along the largest 

 streams like the Mississippi, LaCrosse, 

 and Black are the following : Soft ma- 

 ple (Acer saccharinuui) , American elm 

 (Ulmus americana), river birch (Betula 

 nigra), green ash (Fraxinus viridis), 

 cottonwood (Populns monilifera), al- 

 mond-leaved willow (Sa/i.v amygduloi- 

 des) , swamp white oak ( Ouercu? bicolor) , 

 and hackberry ( Ccltis occidentalis) . 



Table Shoiving Percentage of Species. 



Species. Per cent 



Acer saccharinum 37 .6 



Fraxiuus viridis n .6 



Betula nigra 12.9 



Species. Per cent Populus monilifera 9.3 



Quercus macrocarpa . i , Ulmus americana 15 .9 



Quercus tinctoria.. ."... 26 Quercus macrocarpa 4-7 



Tilia americana . 2^ >-ri o j rr^i j TM_ j 



Acer nigrum.. 2 - The Sand y Uplands. The sandy 



Juglans nigra : 5 uplands represent the ancient beaches. 



Fraxinus viridis 6 There is very little humus on the sur- 



Carya amara face, the soil consisting of fine sand. 



Growth of trees on a sunny south The surface water penetrates very rap- 

 slope, yellow clay soil : ldl y and dries out ver y soon - Several 



feet below the surface there is always 



Spe ? ies - Per cent moisture. The species of trees found 



Ouercus tinctoria. . ^r -,, , , , 



Carya alba ^ ere are neit her abundant nor large, 



Ulmus americana' ...... 12 the trees usually being stunted, and oc- 



Betula papyrifera z i cur in open groves. The following 



(-) j n : i j -r. species occur: Scarlet oak (Ouercus 



On sandy alluvial drift, Pettibone \ ^ ^ -j- \ 



Is j and . tinctoria), green ash (Fraxinus viridis) > 



burr-oak (Quercns macrocarpa). 

 species. Percent 3. The ] 'alley Formation. The val- 



Acer saccharinum 42 i eys consist of alluvial bottoms along the 



Populus monilifera. . 8 n ^L. 1 j r it. 



Ulmus americana. . J smaller streams with an upland for the 



Betula nigra 16 most part of side hills. These hills are 



dry on the exposed sunny sides, while 



Black sandy drift soil along the Kick- on t h e north slopes they are moist. 



apoo in Hemlock grove : Toward the base of the hills the soil is 



species. Per cent usually free f rom rocks, though near 



Tsuga canadensis 26 the top the soil is often very rocky. 



Betula lenta 3I The so ji near t h e bottom is a black allu- 



J B ugu a ns P c?n"rea era :: JJ vium mixed with a little sand. The 



Acer nigrum 12 upland consists of a yellow loam over- 



Ouercus macrocarpa 5 laid with a black sandy humus. Fol- 



