1906 



FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 



203 



fall or by percolation from stream 

 channels. 



It is a comparatively simple and inex- 

 pensive operation to sink a well into 

 this water and erect a windmill, at- 

 taching this to a suitable pump. The 

 machinery once provided is operated 

 day and night by the over-present 

 wind, bringing to the surface a small, 

 but continuous supply of water. This 

 small stream, if turned out on the soil, 

 would flow a short distance, then dis- 

 appear into the thirsty ground, so that 

 irrigation directly from a windmill is 

 usually impracticable. 



To overcome this difficulty, it has 

 been necessary to provide small stor- 

 age reservoirs or tanks built of earth, 

 wood or iron to hold the water until 



it has accumulated to a volume suffi- 

 cient to permit of a stream of consid- 

 erable size being taken out for irriga- 

 tion. Such a stream flowing rapidly 

 over the surface will penetrate to a dis- 

 tance and cover an area which would 

 seem impossible with the small flow 

 delivered by the pump. 



The windmills employed in irriga- 

 tion are of all kinds, from the highest 

 type of the machinist's art down to 

 the crude home-made devices. These 

 latter are not to be despised, as many 

 of them are highly effective, and at 

 least they have enabled settlers to pro- 

 cure a small amount of water and to 

 obtain a foothold upon the soil, by 

 which ultimately they may be able to 

 obtain funds to procure better imple- 

 ments. 



NOTES ON FOREST TREES SUITABLE 



FOR PLANTING IN THE 



UNITED STATES 



V The Tulip Tree (Liriodendron Tulipifera) 



DISTRIBUTION. 



THE tulip tree (Liriodendron tuli- 

 pifera) is distributed sparingly 

 through southern New England and 

 New York ; it is more plentiful on the 

 southern shore of Lake Erie and west- 

 ward through northern Indiana and 

 Illinois. To the southward it is found 

 in Alabama and the other Gulf States 

 to northern Florida. It is rare west 

 of the Mississippi except in northeast- 

 ern Arkansas and southeastern Mis- 

 souri. It is most abundant and of 

 largest size in the south central part 

 of its range, especially in Tennesee, 

 Kentucky, and the western Carolinas, 

 and in the basin of the Ohio River 

 and its tributaries. 



The tree is hardy east of the Missis- 

 sippi except in the colder portions of 

 the Northern States, and thrives in a 

 great variety of upland soils. The 

 range for economic planting, broadly 



stated, includes all of the states east 

 of the Mississippi, although the con- 

 ditions of soil and site in some locali- 

 ties make its development better than 

 elsewhere. Near the western limits of 

 its range it is sometimes injured by 

 sun scald. 



SOIL, AND SITE. 



The Tulip-tree is most common and 

 attains its finest development on deep, 

 fertile, rather moist loam, or rich san- 

 dy soil, in which is mixed a consider- 

 able quantity of humus. In the South 

 and in the Ohio Valley the soil in 

 which the largest and best Tulip-trees 

 once grew is of great value for agri- 

 cultural purposes ; hence the forests of 

 these regions have been destroyed and 

 not replaced. The Tulip-tree will main- 

 tain itself in heavy clay and hard rocky 

 soils, but such soils are not favorable 

 to it and almost always cause a marked 

 diminution in the characteristic devel- 



