1906 



FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 



311 



common crop. At $4 per ton this is 

 $20 to $24 per acre ; $8 per acre will 

 be a large price for producing and 

 handling this crop. At six tons per 

 acre, this would give a gross return 

 of $560 from 40 acres of land. 



If this alfalfa hay was fed to stock, 

 particularly to dairy cows, these re- 

 turns could be nearly doubled. 



The writer has pastured two milk 

 cows on one acre of ground and ob- 

 tained 200 pounds of butter fat. At 20 

 cents per pound, this returns $10 per 

 acre, or $1,600 from 40 acres. The 

 above crops can be produced for a 

 minimum outlay of labor. A man and 

 a team could do practically all the 

 work. In the above illustrations the 

 returns from but one crop were con- 

 sidered, but a combination of many of 

 the crops mentioned would be the 

 ideal farm practice. If livestock 

 were handled this would spread the 

 work over the year and the returns 

 on these variety crops will be in pro- 

 portion of the acreage of each, and 

 would give the maximum return of 

 from $800 to $1,600 per year from the 

 40 acres, in addition to providing a 

 home and many of the living expenses. 



In the above estimate none of the 

 crops expensive to raise have been 

 considered. Potatoes, sugar beets, 

 garden truck and fruit of all kinds 



call for larger outlay of labor, but 

 they are correspondingly larger pro- 

 ducers and give greater returns per 

 acre. 



Something in these kinds of crops 

 should be grown. However, the ex- 

 tent of these crops that might be 

 grown will be determined by the time 

 available for properly caring for them. 

 To yield the largest returns, the work 

 of the farm should be so planned as 

 to afford profitable employment the 

 year around. The farmer on 40 acres 

 has to be a manufacturer, a concentra- 

 tor of farm products as well as a 

 producer of raw material. When prop- 

 erly managed, this will bring not alone 

 income, but larger profits. 



I have known many families in the 

 East raised on a farm of 50 acres with 

 comfort, with sturdy bodies and vigor- 

 ous, active minds. From 20 acres of 

 Montana's irrigated land I have seen 

 more grain and hay produced than on 

 many of the best of these 50 acres 

 farms. Forty acres is enough. Right- 

 ly farmed, it will give any man a com- 

 fortable living. It will give to every 

 man a neighbor at his door. It will 

 give to the country resident all the 

 advantages of the urban resident 

 without his disadvantage. It will bring 

 to the rural home the best social, edu- 

 cational and religious advantages. 



PARANG AND COGONALES IN THE 



PHILIPPINES 



BY 



WILLIAM M. MAULE 



Forester, Philippine Bureau of Forestry. 



I7ROM earliest times man, through 

 * various motives, has wrought 

 havoc with the forest. The natural 

 outlines and distribution of forest 

 areas are determined largely by geo- 

 graphical location and the physio- 

 graphical features, or, in short, the 

 factors which determine climate. Ev- 

 erywhere we find these outlines more 

 or less modified by artificial influences. 



There is little doubt but the greater 

 portion of the grass areas and semi- 

 open "parang" lands characteristic of 

 many portions of the Philippine archi- 

 pelago are due to the fixed custom of 

 indiscriminately clearing and burning 

 for purposes of temporary planting or 

 for the chase. 



The open character of certain forest 

 areas leads one to believe that the geo- 



