368 



FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 



August 



were twice transplanted before set 

 out, were well cared for, and when 20 

 years old were 40 feet high, with a 

 spread of 28 feet. 



At Farlington, Kans., chestnuts 

 were set out with black cherry, black 



locust, black walnut, and a few catal- 

 pas, 4 feet apart each way. They were 

 set in 1882, and in 1895 were 3 inches 

 in diameter breast high and 28 feet 

 high, and free from live branches for 

 10 or 15 feet. 



SHIFTING FORESTS 



Thousands of Trees and Shrubs Transplanted 

 on the Grounds of the Jamestown Exposition 



J N THE WORK of beautifying the 

 A grounds of the Jamestown Exposi- 

 tion, near Norfolk, Virginia, many 

 thousand trees and shrubs have been 

 transplanted. Some of them were 

 brought from long distances and care- 

 fully transplanted along the walks and 

 drives of the exposition grounds. The 

 work was done under the direction of 

 Warren H. Manning, the well known 

 landscape designer, and Charles II. 

 Pratt, superintendent of the grounds. 



Concerning the transplanting of 

 trees and the attention they require, 

 Mr. Manning said : 



"Watching, mulching, watering, 

 trimming, fertilizing is the order of the 

 day now on the Exposition grounds. 

 The trees and shrubs- are being closely 

 watched to note their behavior after 

 the shock of removal. The removal of 

 a plant means a loss of roots and a 

 change in conditions that requires, es- 

 pecially in the larger trees, a large 

 stock of vitality to secure a safe re- 

 covery. First, the roots that help to 

 pump the water from the ground to 

 the leaves to supply the loss from evap- 

 oration must get to work promptly ; 

 some trees are dead because the drain- 

 age was not good enough to take the 

 standing water out of the holes, and 

 the tree roots were drowned, as they 

 surely will be if the roots are complete- 

 ly submerged in water for a long time. 

 Others, we know, died because a sud- 

 den freeze following a rain-storm 

 caught the roots before sufficient top 

 soil could be secured to cover them 

 completely. 



"Some of the cedars, as they were 

 being rafted across the waters of the 

 marsh, were caught in a sudden squall, 

 and their roots were given an involun- 

 tary salt water bath ; these trees seem 

 to lack sufficient vitality to make a 

 good recovery, or perhaps their roots 

 were cut too short. 



"With all the adverse circumstances 

 that must come to trees moved for 

 miles in all weather over all sorts of 

 roads, and planted in soil only recently 

 drained, the loss in the fifteen hundred 

 big trees promises to be below the 

 average of the first year of such plant- 

 ing. The loss in the shrubs is, with 

 very few exceptions, much below the 

 average. Some of the finest kinds, like 

 the evergreen, wild myrtle, the wild 

 roses, flowering dogwood and moun- 

 tain laurel are almost all alive and 

 growing vigorously. 



"Mulching, that is covering the sur- 

 face over the roots, helps newly-plant- 

 ed shrubs to gain a foothold, "because 

 it keeps an even condition of tempera- 

 ture and moisture at the roots. We 

 are using coarse manure, grass and 

 leaves for this purpose. The manure 

 supply, always an important considera- 

 tion, is here secured by supplying the 

 contractors with bedding for their 

 horses with the understanding that 

 they allow the manure to be used on 

 the plantation. Thus grass that must 

 be cut, and would otherwise be useless 

 is made to bring a return, just as a re- 

 turn of fertilizer is secured from the 

 ashes of the brush and wood that is 

 burned in the clearing operations. 



