388 



FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 



August 



Juneberry 1.17. 

 Hard maple 1.14. 

 Ironwood 1.03. 

 Blue beech .95. 

 Beech .88. 

 Witch hazel .JJ. 

 Average 1.35. 



The number of trees in this investi- 

 gation is not sufficient to make far- 

 reaching conclusions, but they are in- 

 dicative and are in accord with what 

 one who has given the subject study 



might expect. It is doubtless true 

 that the first twelve species named 

 were largely produced as coppice. 



The list shows that sassafras, soft 

 maple, and all in the list after hickory, 

 should be cut out and their place given 

 to better species. Elm is questionable 

 because of the low price at which the 

 timber sells as compared with other 

 timber and the habit the tree has of 

 branching low and forming injurious 

 crotches. The wood from the thin- 

 ning pays the cost of the work. 



PUMPING WATER 



Economic Methods of Lifting Water 

 for Irrigation by Hydraulic Rams 



17 OR that class of irrigation prob- 

 * lems which presents the condi- 

 tions of a moderate fall of water avail- 

 able for power, and where it is re- 

 quired to raise a portion of the water 

 to a higher level, or even to a series of 

 higher levels, there is no more efficient 

 or appropriate machine for pumping 

 than the Rife Hydraulic Ram. This 

 statement is true for cases where the 

 water fall is from 2 to 50 feet, and the 

 Rams will deliver, approximately, Yz 

 of the water used 2^4 times as high as 

 the fall, 1-6 five times, 1-12 ten times, 

 etc. 



A Rifle Hydraulic Ram will pump 

 with good efficiency against heads of 

 25 to 30 times the amount of the fall. 

 It is true the efficiency falls off as the 

 ratio between the power head and 

 pumping head increases. At a low ra- 

 tio of about three to one a Rife Ram 

 will have an efficiency of over 90 per 

 cent, whereas at a ratio of twelve to 

 fifteen to one the efficiency will be as 

 high as 70 per cent ; and with extreme 

 ratios of power head to force head the 

 efficiency need not fall below 60 per 

 cent. 



The general impression of an hy- 

 draulic ram is that of the small ma- 

 chine usually used for the supply of a 



small country house where there is a 

 flow of water available for power of, 

 say, 4' to 50 gallons per minute and 

 the water used very wastefully, but 

 there is another side to the ram ques- 

 tion, as the principle of the machine is 

 such that it permits the highest effi- 

 ciencies, and when rams are built on 

 the line of good hydraulic engineering, 

 high efficiencies may be easily real- 

 ized. 



No. 120 Single. Capacity 750 G.P.M. 



Weight 3300 pounds 



Fig. 1. Cross Section of Hydraulic Ram 



