COXSKRYATK )X 



of the luml)er imported by other coun- 

 tries. Austria-Hungary furnishes nine- 

 teen per cent., Russia sixteen per cent., 

 Canada thirteen per cent., Sweden 

 eighteen per cent., Finland ten per cent., 

 and Xonvay and Roumania a >niall 

 quantity. 



The countries importing wood are 

 those on the highest economical plane, 

 which were themselves in earlier time- 

 densely wooded, but whose forests have 

 been denuded to a greater or less ex- 

 tent to make room vor agriculture and 

 other industries. says Vice-Consul 

 James L. A. Burrell, of Madgchurg. in 

 a report t thi- government. Only 

 four per cent, of the territory of t in-at 

 Britain is covered with fore-t-. and 

 during the year i o, ( n that country im- 

 ported lumber to the value of 81^5.5''!.- 

 750. (iermany has still twentv-six per 

 cent, of its territory covered bv forest- 

 but imported in 1906 lumber valued at 

 SM .-'^5.' ><K>. Belgium and the Xether- 

 lands. that have but eight per cent, for- 

 est Ian Is, Denmark, that has -even per 

 cent., France and Switzerland, with a 

 >mall percentage, are all compelled to 

 import lumber. 



Besides thc-c countries, those lands 

 lying (in the dry western side of the 

 -nb-tropical zone lacking forest- are 

 ,Wced to import wood. Lgypt iinj*>rts 

 wood and coal to the value of about 

 SifVino.ooo annually: Algeria Tuni-. 

 Spain. Portugal i with only three per 

 cent. foi\->t land) Italy. Greece (with 

 nine per cent, forest land), the eastern 

 part of Asia, British South Africa, the 

 western part of Chile and Peru, the 

 Argentine Republic, and Australia, all 

 poor in wood, are dependent upon im- 

 port. 



% % "I 



The Waters of the Great Lakes 



MORE than four million people, liv- 

 ing in a hundred citie-. obtain 

 water for domestic and industrial uses 

 from the great inland seas on the north- 

 ern boundary of the United States : and 

 boiler water for the enormous land and 

 water traffic that joins these cities to 

 one another and to the rest of the world 



is derived from the same source. The 

 chemical composition of these waters is 

 therefore a matter of great interest to 

 both sanitarians and chemical engi- 

 neers, and a study of that composition 

 is also valuable because the compar- 

 ative equable condition of the lake 

 waters allows them to serve as a stand- 

 ard for comparison with other waters, 

 in the northern region. 



Alxmt two years ago the I'nited 

 States i ieological Survey began a study 

 of the waters of the ( Ireat Lakes in 

 connection with a rather extensive in- 

 vestigation of the economic value of 

 -urfare waters in the I'nited States. For 

 a year a I -Ballon sample was collected 

 each month from each lake at a point 

 where the water would probably rep- 

 resent the normal quality of the dis- 

 charge. Samples of Lake Superior 

 water were taken .mm St. Mary's 

 River just alx.vc the locks at Saulte 

 Ste. Marie. Mich.; the Lake Michigan 

 -ample- were collected from a ferry- 

 boat in the Strai'- of Mackinac; St. 

 Clair River was -ampled in midstream 

 at Port Huron. Mich; Lake Lrie was 

 -ampled at the I'.utTalo (N. Y.) water- 

 works intake; and St. Lawrence River 

 was sampled at ( tgdensburg, N. Y., 

 since no important breams enter be- 

 tween that citv and Lake ( hitario. The 

 waters were shipped in special con- 

 tainer- to the water te-ting laboratory 

 of the Survey at Washington, D. C., 

 and were analy/.ed from one to three 

 month- after date of collection. Sus- 

 pended matter was removed before the 

 sample- were evaporated, and standard 

 method- of water analysis were fol- 

 lowed, when practicable. 



Mr. R. P.. D<'le, under whose direc- 

 tion the analyses were made, states that 

 the most noticeable feature in a cursory 



.imination of the analytical data is 

 the slight variation in the concentration 

 of the waters from month to month. 

 the total variation, as shown bv the dis- 

 solved -olids figures, being only eight- 

 een parts per million, or fifteen pel- 

 cent. As rivers of ordinarv sixc may 

 vary 200 to 300 per cent., and even 

 large rivers, like the Mississippi, may 



