lg A.MERICANFOKESTEY 



witl- h the foreste. The kiefer becomes less frequent as more fertile and 

 ,', am.,i> Will are encountered, and big spruce and fir stands with some 



hal ,lu 1 become frequent Near Breda, between Berlin and Dresden, I 



ountered the l\v*l stand of oak growing under Sylvester pine, evidently 

 ume method of reclamation of the heather (Callina Vulgaris) moors 

 inlcp bardwood stands as in France. A little farther on, two miles from the 

 tuMii ,,f Klin, is an interesting forest of fir, bordered with larch. This larch 

 border, l-th f-r sprm-e and fir, I was to encounter very frequently there- 

 after. Tln-iv i> a considerable market for larch in Germany, and as it is a 

 hai.lv, inrnh-rant mountain tree over there, the best way to grow it is as a 

 wi.li-'fom-r.M.t border around a spruce or fir stand. The fresh yearly growths, 

 en in September, of the twig-ends of European larch are catkins 

 i,f | flve io seven inches long (the catkins, not the needles) which later 



divide up into the characteristic little tassels of ten or twelve needles sessile 



on tin- twig. 



At iH-evden I again revisited the forests of the Dresdener Haide and the 



\,-!,i.-r\\;ild in the Saxon Switzerland. Much young spruce is now being 



AH mi kieter soil in the Haide and seems to be coming along admirably. 



In tin- inmintains both spruce and fir, properly thinned on selection forest 



Btbods, were reaching 16 inches diameter on 65-years growth, and were 



In-ing Inggi'd on TII and 80 year revolutions, an encouraging advance over 



tin- uMial inn year involution, and due entirely to judicious thinning. All 



laiiun \\;IN Ly planting, usually on the hole system, as I saw but one 



f..iv-t mi tin- hillock system of Baron Manteuffel. The larch border is here 



_ l deal in evidence. The photographs hereto of the forest operations in 



the iimiintains will give one a better idea of spruce and fir culture than any 

 unrd nf mine. In general, standard forest on slopes up to 45; steeper than 



thi.v inn foreM. 



\ing the hresden district our route lay through Thuringia and into 



lles.M-. Alter Leipsic this entire country becomes mountainous with spruce 



dominating, the spruce which has made the Saxon foresters famous. The 



hill- and plains were covered with it, always with the bare 100-foot strip 



along the railroad right of way characteristic of the Saxon fire protection 



dona The spacing at planting was almost as narrow as kiefer, from 



to four feet setting out, and left so up to fifteen years, by which 



time tiie lower reaches of the forest would be black with suppressed branches. 



-nil young kiefer, all the eight to fifteen-year growth was trimmed up to 



ix fe.-t from the ground of its dead cleaning branches for at least the first 



ectinn Lack from the railroad. I saw no young spruce set out under three 



nld, and the forests held sections of every conceivable age up to the 



end nf the revolution, which was about 70 years. All the first thinning spruce 



'u way to the wood pulp industries, in which this part of Germany 



al.nunds, being in a measure the chemical center of Germany. The four-inch 



25 year thinnings is used in a large measure for scaffolding poles 



in building construction, the poles being lashed with rope and taken down 



'In- mason work, stucco, etc., is finished on the building. This method 



of M-ailoiding is also becoming quite common with our own contractors, 



