508 AMERICAN FORESTRY 



temporarily, the road being abandoned depending on the steepness of the hill- 

 as soon as the timber is cut. The maxi- side and the number of stumps to be 

 mum grade for the former road should removed. A road should be so built 

 be 7 per cent, but for a logging road, that it is well drained; side ditches 

 especially where all logs are hauled should be put in which have cross 

 down hill, the maximum grade may be drains every 100 to 200 feet. In cheap 

 greater but should rarely exceed 12 per roads the drains will not be covered, 

 cent, and then only for short distances, while in well-built roads, culverts or 

 Where roads are used for fire-lines, and rocks or wood should be put in Rock 

 fire protection is more important than work cannot be avoided as readily in 

 traffic, the only work necessary is that road as in trail construction and hence 

 of clearing the space. adds much to the exoense. The sup- 

 The location of a road is more im- plies will be hauled by wagon, which 

 portant than that of a trail, because cos ts only about one-third as much as 

 the former demands a gentler gradient by pack horses, hence the distance is 

 and requires a greater amount of not as important as in trail work. The 

 money in its construction. Since grade cost of labor will affect road building 

 is the determining factor in locating the same as trail work. Supervision 

 roads a transit should be used for that again is the most important factor of 

 purpose, because of its accuracy, all. 



Heavy rock work and the construction I construction of roads, stumps and 

 of bridges should be avoided on account rocks should be removed by using 

 of the great expense. Side hills are the powder or dynamite as it is much 

 best for location since they are driest, cheaper than by manual labor, because 

 have the best drainage and the best much time would be unnecessarily 

 surface, and require less repairs, al- wasted in grubbing out stumps. All 

 though the grading at the beginning work possible should be done by teams, 

 will probably cost more. Routes of since hand grading in construction of 

 avalanches should be avoided, also roads is very expensive on account of 

 routes in deep cuts, because the latter the large amount of material to be re- 

 will fill up with snow. Switch-backs moved. In building single-track roads, 

 should not be used, for the sharp turns turn-outs should be built about 50 feet 

 are not adapted to wagon traffic. The in length so that vehicles can pass each 

 cost of location varies from $5 to $50 other. The length of the intervals be- 

 per mile. tween turn-outs would depend entirely 

 The factors which influence the cost u P on tne amount of travel expected on 

 of roads do not vary a great deal from tne roacl - In grading there should be 

 those affecting trails. They are (1) more fills than cuts, because fills will 

 grade, (2) width, (3) amount of brush- drain better. In rock work the walls 

 ing out, (4) amount of grading, (5) should slant away from the road so 

 drainage, (6) rock work, (7) distance that debris will not be continually drop- 

 for hauling supplies, (8) cost of labor, P in S down - 



and (9) supervision. The steeper the Drainage is an important item in road 



grade the greater the length of the road, building. On level ground both sides 



As the maximum grade for most roads should be ditched to a depth of about 



is from 6 to 7 per cent, a steep grade 1 foot and a width at the top from 



will greatly increase the length of the 2 to 3 feet. On hillsides the road should 



The width of the roads varies slope toward the hill with a ditch on 



from 8 to 12 feet for single track roads the inner side. In swampy places a 



,nd 16 to 20 feet for double track. The ditch 2 feet deep and 2 feet wide should 



ndth of the road naturally affects the be put on each side and a fairly high 



amount of brushing out. In heavily crown left in the center if possible. 



localities the clearing is a very A comparison of roads in general 



item as it is difficult to re- cannot be made because of the few 



tumps and to roll the logs examples and also because of the great 



-he amount of grad- variations in the use and construction 



which influences the cost, of roads under different conditions. 



