690 AMERICAN FORESTRY 



be roughly divided into spruce slopes, least importance. However, even here 



spruce flats, and spruce swamps. we must be very careful, if the stand is 



The management of our spruce anything like pure spruce, to eliminate 



slopes, particularly the high slopes, is a as much as possible the loss through 



difficult proposition. The timber on such windfall by judicial cutting. 



a location is usually quite uniform but On such locations the spruce is often- 



smaller in diameter and shorter and is times small and of a very even diameter, 



much more liable to be wind thrown an( j cutting to a diameter limit often- 



than the spruce on the lower situations, times means taking all or none. The 



The use of a diameter limit under such cutting system should be such that it 



conditions does not bring good results W ould be possible to remove all timber 



as a rule. Practically all the trees that not needed for the regeneration of the 



are left below the limit set, provided we stand and yet at the same time prepare 



take out enough to make the operation against windfall loss, as on this type of 



profitable, are wind thrown and such so n t h e windfall damage is liable to be 



trees, of course, had better be taken out quite severe. 



during the lumbering operations yj jn white ine gtands should be 



Ihe best method to use would prob- ]i;m(lled ])y SQme sort of a dear cutti 



ably be some sort of a clear cutting met hod, leaving seed trees as individuals 



operation by strips or groups Seed Qr u Whe rever seed trees are 



trees might be left as groups of trees kft ag imlividuals the l oss is oftentimes 



covering perhaps a tenth of an acre as hj h ag 75 Qr 8Q cent thron h 



and thus would give mutual protection wind f all and much the better stem is 



against the wind. A system of clear tQ leaye the see(J trges jn small g 



cutting by strips might work out very uniforml scattered O ver the cutting 



well under these conditions, cutting say areas ^ SQme rations the groups 



a strip about 100 to 150 feet wide and left haye contained 25 to 30 cent of 



leaving a strip of equal width to be the Qri jnal stand and after duc _ 



taken out at a second operation after tion ig established there is enough tim . 



reproduction is established on the cut- bef left jn the tQ make a second 



over strip. In any method of leaving cut fitable and thus our seed trees 



trees for the distribution of seed, are nQt , eft ^ & ]QSS &g d mi ht be 



must be remembered that good natural jf Qnl fi h trees were allowed 



reproduction cannot be counted upon to ^ remain tQ insure reproduction . 



take place anv farther from the base of . , 



Here > wlth 3 ? 06 ^ 65 ' a 



the trees than a distance equal to the . t , 



height of the tree or half again that dis- diameter limit should be an elastic one, 



tance. This rule, of course, would have cuttm S over or under as conditions 



exceptions, varying with the topography warrant, but keeping, on the whole, to 



of the country and the species. an average diameter. In the case of 



To consider the management of gd markets and easy access to the 



spruce flat. This is the best type of forests, a selection system is sometimes 



spruce timber and can oftentimes be "sed, cutting out from time to time only 



managed by a diameter limit cutting, the best individuals. Unless the method 



In the case of all diameter limits, we is very carefully carried out it is very 



must be sure and not make them rigid. lia ble to result in deterioration of the 



In scientific management the first prin- forest. 



ciple is to insure reproduction and often- Second growth white pine will have 



times in cutting to a rigid diameter limit to be managed differently in most cases. 



there are not enough seed bearing trees Here we will not be willing to wait 



left on an area to give the proper re- until the trees are old enough to bear 



production. Our system of cutting sufficient seed and as these second 



should be such that wherever it is nee- growth stands can usually be termed 



essary to leave trees over the given di- even aged, they will have to be clear 



ameter, it should be possible to do so. In cut and planted to have anything like 



this type of spruce windfall is of the satisfactory resulting conditions. 



