133 APPENDIX. 



Family Salmo.mdje. — Body scaly ; first dorsal with soft rays, the 

 second small and adipose ; numerous csBcal appendages and an air blad- 

 der ; great variations in the armature of their jaws ; inhabiting fresh and 

 salt water. 



Genus Salmo (<S. mlar). — The salmon common to Europe and Ame- 

 rica. Richardson and others have described ten other species, chiefly 

 from the northern rivers flowing into the Arctic Sea. The common, or 

 true sea salmon, was formerly abundant as far south as the Hudson river, 

 where they are even now occasionally taken. The angler must now go 

 to the State of Maine with any probability of success. The Mackinaw 

 salmon (S. amethystus) is a noble species, sometimes weighing one hun- 

 dred and twenty pounds. The common brook or spoiled Iroul (S.fonli' 

 nalis) occurs between the fortieth and forty-seventh parallels of latitude. 

 In the streams and small lakes in the northern part of New York emp- 

 tying into the river St. Lawrence is another species (S. erylhrogaster), 

 red bellud iroul, resembling the brook trout in its spots, but more cylin- 

 drical and tapering, of a crimson hue beneath, and usually exceeding it 

 in size. The common salmon trout of the lakes (S. confinis) has the 

 [jort of a salmon, but without its flavor. 



Genus Osmerus (O viridescens). — Smelt. 



Genus Coregonus embraces seven or eight species inhabiting the 

 lakes, and frequently called shad salmon : it includes the celebrated 

 lohite fish {C. albus) and the exquisite Olsi^go bass (C. Otsego). We 

 have no species of grayling in the United States. One {ThymaUus sig- 

 ?nfer) is found in the northwestern or Arctic region. 



Family CLUPiDiE. — No adipose fin ; the upper jaw formed, as in trouts, 

 at the middle by intermaxillaries, without pedicles, and on the sides by 

 the mamillaries ; scales easily detached. 



This includes the herrings, shads, &:c., which, although highly inte- 

 resting in an economical point of view, atTord little amusement to the 

 angler. The shad (A. 'pra:slabilis of De Kay) has, until lately, been 

 confounded with the shad of Europe. 



Family Gadid>e. — Jaws and vomer, with rows of rasp-like teeth; 

 generally three dorsals ; gills large, with seven rays. This family em- 

 braces numerous species designated under the names of cod, hake, had- 

 dock, cask, pollack, frost fsh, &c. The haddock (M. a:glefinus) affords 

 much sport, on our northern coast, to the fisherman. 



Family Planid^. — Body flat, compressed vertically ; upper surface 

 colored, beneath white ; dorsal single, extending the whole length of the 

 back ; both eyes on the same side of the head ; branchial rays, six. 



This family includes all the varied marine species, known asjiat fsh, 

 founder, halibut, turbol, sole, &c. The two latter names, I would 

 remark, have nothing in common with the turbot and sole of Europe, 

 which are not found on the coast. 



Family ANGUiLLiDiE. — No ventral fins ; body elongated and serpent- 

 like in form ; scales scarcely apparent, being imbedded in a soft, thick 

 ekin ; no caccal appendages. 



This includes four or five species of eels. They offer little of interest 

 to the angler, except to jack for them in the spring and summer by 

 ^r>rr.hlicrht. 



