188 ARBOREAL MAN 



of families " (Hart man). " Each male lives with his 

 own single female " (Forbes). 



The Orang-utan — at any rate the male — seems to be 

 rather more solitary, for he is generally encountered alone 

 (Wallace), but " the female is generally accompanied by 

 one of her progeny, sometimes by two, the one always 

 an infant, and the other a more or less grown but im- 

 mature individual of a previous birth " (Forbes). In the 

 Gibbons is seen that amalgamation of families into 

 groups which so frequently forms the basis of Monkey 

 communities. There is room for very many more ac- 

 curate observations upon the formation of these social 

 communities, which, especially in the genus Semnopithecus, 

 embrace a large number of individuals banded into an 

 apparently fairly- well -defined group. 



The Proboscis Monkey {Nasalis larvatus) lives in small 

 communities embracing up to thirteen individuals 

 (Hornaday) ; Seyniiojntkecus femoralis in groups of from 

 ten to thirty (Hose) ; with S. cephaloterus parties of from 

 twenty to thirty (Tennant); and with S. Barbii from 

 thirty to fifty (Anderson) are usual. 



Most of the genus Cercopithecus live in communal 

 groups which may contain from thirty to fifty individuals 

 of such species as C. campbelli (Forbes). The Macaques 

 also are group monkeys, M. nemestrinus sometimes 

 forming considerable communities. The typical African 

 Baboons live in extremely large packs, some companies 

 being said to comprise as many as two thousand indi- 

 viduals (Slack), but these animals, being for the most 

 part non-arboreal, do not so directly interest us. 



The aberrant Black Baboon of the Celebes (Cyno- 

 pithecus niger) is, however, an arboreal animal, and it is 

 " usually seen in pairs, but sometimes a family of seven 

 or eight may be found together feeding in a tree. Such 

 families invariably consist of a pair of adults and a number 

 of young ones " (Hickson). According to the natives 

 these baboons pair for life. ^ 



