1855. 



NEW ENGLAND FARMER. 



285 



it as greedily as the former. lie pulled up and The second cavity is remarkable for the reticu- 

 resowed these squares four times during the sea-^^^'^^PPea'-ance of its interior, resembling honey- 

 _„„,,,., • T • i.u ii i J comb, having a large number of cells. In the 



son, and kept the animals m the finest order, , i /• f? 



' i ' stomach of th 



without anything else worth naming, and was 

 satisfied that nothing else will produce half as 



the camel they are termed water-cells, 

 and the animal has the power to close their 

 orifices so as to jretain their fluid contents ; and 



much, as corn thus planted or sown. Every possibly all ruminants have, to a certain extent, 



time he stript a s^iuare, it was forthwith highly 1*'^*^ P*^^^"" to Perform the same feat, so that they 



, , , , , , v can exist without water much longer than a 



manured, aad at once spaaed up and resown ; he u„_„p 



generally fed the corn as it was pulled up. 



It will be observed that this writer obtained 

 J^ur crops in a single season. Two stout crops 

 may lie obtaiaed ia New England, and in favor- 

 able geasous, when th«re are no severe frosts un- 

 6il late in Septeaiber, ikrea crops. 



The third copartment is commonly termed many- 

 plies^ from the peculiar arrangement of its inte- 

 rior, disposed like the leaves of a book, and ter- 

 minating in the centre by an assemblage of free 

 edges, thus affording an extensive surface within 

 a small space. 



The fourth is termed abomasum ; this is the 



In the calf it is termed 



ivea 



Corn piants make aa excellent fodder when true digestive stom^ach 

 permitted to grew to nearly their usuaL sLse, and : '''^'^'^^' ^"^i ^J means of its organic acid, derives 



CheH cut asLd dri^ ashay is r^ade-but tfee labors i^^'^^^,''^'^."^l°*J'7P^^«'-'«^*^«?t'''-n*'"S "'''^• ^" 

 - J . . ..,>..,. , ,, 'teriorly ir, is lined by a sott villous membrane, 



of dry.sg ,:c so grea4; that tt will not be generally j^g^g./g^^^ j^ longitudinal folds ; these, as they 

 ased a« fod-ler ig t'b9.t shape. j approach the pyloric, or lower outlet, are more 



■ I irregular, running in various directions. The 



parts are studded with innumerable glands, which 

 secrete the gastric juice or true digestive fluid. 

 On the lower part of the fourth stomach we find 

 the pyloric outlet, within which is a valvular 

 pcojeetion; this, aided by the joint action of cir- 



BUMmATION-OE, RE-MASTICATION, 



iTrUtci!. for tie A'ew E«^licKtt Fcnffi^r, 

 BE" CE«.. E. SADS', VETK&IKARS" SGRGBOH. 



Mk. EsiroK : — Sir, — I notice, ia a rec<}nt num- 

 ber <jf the Nei'j Ev.^h*'A F-yr/eer, ait article writ^.eular fibres, prevent crude materials entering the 

 Sea by eae ^f he appears t« be skeptieai regardiao"] <^k^'^-iR»ui* until they are properly comminuted, 

 tht phesenaeEa «f r%Mf«/iiJE4?a, <rr re-iaaeticatton so as to form, through the action of bile and 

 of foed fey sru^iiiaEts — erea, sheep, <i:e, ; a«d Ipac^reatic juices, an homogenous mass of nutri- 

 ^a^e theught .tliat a few reisiarks, under the above meKt. 



Jieading, j^aj interest y«ur readers. Ie fact, the 

 •Z7tld.Q rejulres that scuie riGtice should be taken 



PosteriGr ta the jnjlorus we have the dvodenum, 

 ternjed in Kon-ruminants — man and horse for ex- 



cf it, beeauee ifc pcetaulgates ats error, inasmuch 'iis^ple — seoond stomach; into which, through 

 a& t\\Q writer uadertates t<i show thai. cesiuiiUai- their respective canals, the bile and pancreatic 



exen zs iff -w.^illecr «/" bx^nsiiliUt^, i^c. 



£t ifi the firet instance, v.ithic my own o^jserva- 

 tioii, tha^ an kuslAtK-dof-oLK has ever doubted the 



fiuids enter, and this is considered as the com- 

 meaeemeat of the intestines. 

 The demi-caual, just alluded to, is in the region 



theorj ef riuKitieisop, in rumifnuits. Lest, how- ■ where the opening into the various stomatic co 

 ever, ib ere shall be others in the sam.e state of ' P*''<:i!'^eiits a,pj)roach each other. Ordinarily, it is 

 igner&Bee, I ^vopaee to offer a. few remarks onjJi more groove or duct ; but by voluntary' act, or 

 the anatGinj aad physiology of the dix-estiveinot., as the case may be, it can be converted into 

 organs, eeasideriEg only the stooiach aad its aj> s^i^^i th« inlet of which is the termination of 

 pecdageg. I the gullet, and the outlet or posterior part is over 



We shall Sr«fc nethe the mso'^Mgus, or gullet, fie region of one or more of the apertures. 

 This is a strong Daeml«aB«ue and Eiuscular tube,' Having thus briefly treat«l on the anatomy of 

 citeading f^oat the ciouth to the cardaic, or I the parts, we shall next offer some physiological 

 upper portiojL of the stomach, which gradually j remarks. 



enlarges as it descends, asid finally terminates inl Tlie food, having entered the mouth, undergoes 

 what is teriQod the cfe^Hi-eanal. Et has, however, ^^ slight mastication, and is somewhat insalivated 

 prolongattons into the third and fourth stomaclrs. '>y the salivial fluids. In a rough and rather 

 ft ie composed of four coats or layers, viz., an bulky form, it passes down tlie (esophagus and 



eaters the demi-canal ; its rough, and conse- 



exteraiU, -two middle, aad internal; these are 

 united by means of cellular adhesions, so as to 

 ad/ait of contraction and expansion. 



The principal parts deserving notice are tlie 



quently irritating surface, coining in contact with 

 the lips or pillars of this canal, act as a stimulus 

 and arouse a set of involuntary movements, which 



middie coats; these are composed of muscular I '"t-'siilt in a separation of the pillars, so that the 

 tihree, arranged spirally, in contrary directions, {h^lf-'^iii^sticated food falls into the first or second 

 eo as to a4mit of descent and ascent of food andl^P^rtments of the stomach. The mere fluid and 

 cud^ and, at the same time, Icno-then or shorten 'pi'lpy portions, beinir retained in the mouth and 

 the tube — increase or decrease its calibre. 



esophagus, flow gi'ntly onward without causing 

 tlie pillars to separate, and are thus convoj'cd to 

 the third stomach, and from tlienoe to the fourth. 

 That portion of food which enters the first and 

 second copartments, after being slightly masti- 

 cated, is, by a reverse peristaltic action, I'orced, 

 . ,„ .. 1 \-\ \- p ,, ■,■ lin tlie fi>rm of jirlolnilar pellets, into the denii- 



nH^lirr !i""'r f"''''^ °"''|canal, and thus at regular intervals ascends 

 ptacles lor crude aliment. ' ' ° 



THE STOMACH. 



The stomach is subdivided into four distinct 

 cavities ; the first is named iA<.y/Mrir'.?, or paunch ; 

 the second, reticulum, or honeycomb. They are 

 not, however, considered part of the true digestive 

 stomach, but 

 used as rece 



