60 



Explanation of Terms— Early Spring Wheat. Vol. 11, 



distinguished into siliceous sandy or flinty sand ; 

 and calcareous sandij or chalky sand." 



59. Li/ne — as it exists in the soil, is com- 

 monly called calcareous earth. 



" Tlie word calcareous is not properly applied 

 to any soil unless a specimen of it is found 

 strongly to effervesce with acids ; or unless water 

 having a channel in the soil affords a white 

 earthy deposit when boiled." 



" Each of these earths answers a determinate 

 and specific purpose in the economy and growth 

 of plants ; and the perfection of soil lies in a 

 mixture of the whole." 



60. Basis of the soil — Bf this term is un 

 durstood the primitive earths which enter 

 into its composition. 



61. Vegetable Matter — all vegetable sub 

 stances in a decaying or rotten state. 



62. Animal Matter — all animal substances 

 in a putrifying state. 



63. Organic Matter — is a terra applied 

 both to animal and vegetable substances in a 

 putrifying state. 



64. Vegetable Mould — the earthy remains 

 of vegetable substance which have either 

 grown and decayed on the soil, or have been 

 conveyed thither in the progress of cultiva- 

 tion. 



65. Loam — is a combination of vegetable 

 mould with the primitive earths. 



66. Peat — is a substance dug out of 

 swamps; it is produced from the decay of 

 vegetables, is of a fibrous texture, and may 

 be cut with a spade. 



Peat is frequenlly used for fuel; it is of no 

 use as a manure until it shall be brought into a 

 state of fermentation, or putridity, which may be 

 done by mixing it with other manures. Run- 

 ning water also extracts its antiseptic qualities 

 and leaves it ready to pass into a state of de- 

 composition. 



67. Marie — is a substance consisting of 

 lime with a small proportion of clay, and 

 sometimes of peat, with a mixture of marine 

 sand and animal remains. 



It is found extensively in some situations, at 

 different depths under ground, and is distin- 

 guished into ihell, claif and stone marie. It is 

 useful as a manure. 



68. Putrescent Manures — are all animal 

 and vegetable substances in a decaying state, 



69. Excrementitious Matter — is the ma- 

 nure from animals. 



70. Long Manure — is green barn-yard 

 manure before it is rotted. 



71. SJiort Manure — is barn-yard manure 

 made fine by rotting, so as to be cut easily 

 with a spade. 



72. Fossil Manures — are lime, marie, 

 plaster of paris and other substances which 

 operate on the mechanical constitution of the 

 soil, but do not afford directly nourishment to 

 plants. 



73. Compost Manure — is that which is 

 formed by the mixture of various substances, 

 as turf, pond-mud, weeds, ashes, lime, &c., 

 with stable or yard manure, so as to constitute 

 one uniform mass or substance, fit for the im- 

 provement of the soil. 



74. Irrigation — is the turning of water 

 from its natural channels, and carrying it by 

 ditches over grass-lands, so as to render them 

 more highly productive. 



75. Tilth— m the condition in which 

 ground is left after tilling. 



When it is well pulverized by the plough and 

 harrow, and made light to a sufficient depth, it 

 is said to be in good tilth. 



76. Stumming Casks — is burning within 

 them matches covered with sulphur. 



A strip of cloth, ten or twelve inches long and 

 from one to tvio inches wide, smeared with melt- 

 ed sulphur, and lighted, is let down into the 

 cask and suspended from the bung. Some have 

 a long, tapering bung that may fit any cask, 

 with a crooked wire in the small end, from 

 which to suspend the match. 



77. Must — is the new liquor pressed from 

 apples or grapes, before it has worked, or fer- 

 mented. 



78. Lees — is a term used to signify the 

 gross sediment or settlings found at the bot- 

 tom of casks containing fermented liijuors. 



79. To Rack Cider or Wine — is to draw 

 them from off their lees or sediments, into 

 clean casks. 



Tlie Ttimep Fly. 



Mr. Berry ascribes his success in this de- 

 partment of rural management, first to sowing 

 seed of one year's growth, which secures 

 simultaneous vegetation, and defies the fly, 

 the plants being numerous. Seedsmen too 

 frequently rnix the seed of differnt years', in 

 consequence of which it comes out of the 

 ground at various periods, and in such quan- 

 tites, that the fly easily overpowers the crop. 

 Second, thick sowing. It is much eaiser to 

 cut out than to insert a plant. Third, sown 

 immediately after the manure is ploughed in, 

 by which the advantage of the moisture is 

 secured. In showery weather, he finds an 

 advantage in steeping the seeds in water, but 

 if the weather be dry, steeping is injurious, 

 the contrast being too great between the 

 water and a dry hot state of the earth, and 

 the plants come up yellow and sickly. — Rep. 

 of Invent. 



Procrastination, delay, putting off any 

 thing till to-morrow. 



