1868. 



NEW ENGLAND FARJilER. 



133 



carbonic acid and oxygen, all of which are con- 

 tinually about us, and are willing to come into 

 your garden if you will invite them there. 



9. Because you can loork in a drained gar- 

 den earlier in the spring — which is all-impor- 

 tant in a garden, — and you can work in it 

 sooner after it rains. 



10. Draining keeps off the effects of cold 

 weather longer in the fall. 



11. Because it makes dead roots and all 

 other vegetable matter decay in the soil much 

 quicker than they would in an undrained soil. 



12. Draining prevents an excessive evapo- 

 ration of the moisture of the soil, and conse- 

 quently the heat is retained in it, instead of 

 being carried off to the skies. 



These, friend "A.," are not all the reasons 

 why a garden should be drained, but they will 

 be sufficient, we trust, to induce you to con- 

 tinue the good work you have begun. Tliree 

 rods apart is too far. Twenty feet is far 

 enough to do it thoroughly ; two rods ought to 

 be the extent. Go down four feet if you have 

 patience, then, with skill and care in tending, 

 you will have a garden that will literally blos- 

 som as the rose. 



PALE DISEASE—TAPE ■WOB.MS. 

 Mr. T. P. Skinner, of Sego, Perry Co., 

 Ohio, having expressed the opinion that the 

 Pale Disease, of which many sheep died in 

 1865, was caused by tape worms, was called 

 upon by Dr. Randall for the facts on which he 

 based that conclusion. In reply Mr. S. states 

 that he examined the heads of several sheep 

 under the impression that the disease was 

 caused by grab in the head, but finding none 

 in several of those that had died, he was 

 obliged to abandon that theory. He then 

 commenced an examination of their lungs, 

 stomachs and intestinee 



In the first one examined, he found the lungs, 

 liver, heart and stomachs in their natural con- 

 dition. Observing "that some of the small in- 

 testines had a peculiar clear and empty look," 

 he opened them and found a worm "perhaps 

 one-third of an inch wide, with joints about an 

 eighth of an inch in length, and whose en- 

 tire length he could only conjecture, as it 

 came apart at the joints so easily, but he sup- 

 poses it was near forty feet in length. It 

 was of a whitish color, slightly yellow. The 

 part of the worm forward terminated in a point, 

 and was round for perhaps fifteen or twenty 

 inches. The rest of the body was as flat as a 

 piece of tape." Not yet satisfied, he examined 



his other sheep as they died, to the number of 

 ten cases, finding grubs in the heads of some, 

 and in others not, but invariably finding the 

 monster worm above described, in the small 

 intestines. One sheep that died lost its fiesh 

 much sooner than the rest. In this he found 

 "myriads of very small, round worms, about 

 half an inch in length, and of a reddish color 

 — but no tape worm." Some of his neighbors 

 who had sheep die at about the same time op- 

 ened them and found tape worms. Amonw 

 these neighbors were John Wilson and Thos. 

 J. Williams. The latter, who "breeds and 

 owns quite a number of excellent sheep," in- 

 formed Mr. S. that in the fall of 1865 he ex- 

 amined three sheep and found tape worms in 

 them of very great length. Two of the sheep 

 so examined were killed to convince men who 

 doubted his statements ; and in one, killed to 

 convince Mr. David Ream, an extensive sheep 

 breeder, he found a tape worm extending the 

 entire length of the small intestines to within 

 about a foot of the vent, and doubled back 

 about half of its length. He has learned also 

 that a Mr. Trant and others in the town of 

 Hopewell, in the same county, examined sheep 

 that died of pale disease, with similar results. 

 In his remarks on the foregoing, in the Ru- 

 ral Netv Yorker, Dr. Randall does not ques- 

 tion the facts of Mr. Skinner's observation, 

 but from the frequency of the disease, both in 

 this country and in Europe, where it has been 

 treated by experienced veterinarians without 

 the presence of these tape worms having been 

 noticed, he says that he regards the appearance 

 of worms in these sheep in Ohio as a local 

 malady, connected with food, water, atmos- 

 pheric conditions or other causes. And although 

 the symptoms observed by Mr. Skinner corres- 

 pond in many respects with those of the pale 

 disease. Dr. Randall does not consider it cer- 

 tain that in the cases mentioned by Mr. S. the 

 sickness was identical with the Pale Disease. 



APPLES IN" lOWTA. 

 A correspondent of the Iowa Homestead 

 admits that the repeated failure of attempts to 

 produce the Pippins, the Greenings, the Bald- 

 wins, (fee, of eastern orchards have given that 

 State a bad reputation for fruit growing. 

 Still he believes that native varieties may be 

 grown in abundance. He recommends close 

 planting, say rows 24 feet by 14, and the ob- 

 servance of the three following rules of culti- 

 vation and training : — 



1 Plant only those varieties which have been 

 found strictly adapted to our soil and climate, and 

 buy your trees of your nearest reliable home nur- 

 seryman. 



2. Back-furrow your ground into ridges, and 



