No. 6. 



German Agriculture. 



177 



the early (or Lerchenkartoffel) and late, or 

 English (weisse kartoffel) are grown. The 

 latter is the richest in farinaceous matter. 

 Bej^ides black vetches, red beets, turnips and 

 cabbage are grown. Rape-seed was found 

 to exhaust the soil too much ; to require too 

 much manure, and to yield too little straw. 

 Red clover was found the most productive 

 grass, giving 80 cwt. per acre. White 

 clover also gave excellent pasture. Tables 

 of the expenses of cultivation of the diifer- 

 ent grains, are given for one year, and of the 

 profits thereof 



Bone-dust proved an excellent manure, 

 but had to be given up, from the rise in the 

 price of bones. 



Meadows. — The hay is every evening 

 raked together into wind-rows, and as soon 

 a.s dried, is immediately brought in. 



Hop-grounds containing 15,000 poles, with 

 135,000 plants, one half of which are [Saa- 

 zer] early hops; the other half [Spalter] late 

 hops. Hops admit every kind of manure 

 with equal advantage. One hundred square 

 feet are usually reckoned for ten pounds of 

 hops; fifteen acres produced in 1840, 95.7 

 cwt. ; in 1841, about 64^ cwt. Prices of 

 hops varying from 20 to 80 German dollars 

 per cwt. Poles used are 25 to 3(* feet high. 

 The neat profits of the hop-grounds in the 

 years 1838 to 1841, sixteen acres, about 

 §!l,300. 



Part V. — Management of the farm ani- 

 mals, — One hundred head of sheep got year- 

 ly, six dresdner metzen* of salt. One hun- 

 dred head of sheep gave 1841, 225 pounds 

 of wool. Ewes to be well fed before the 

 time of lambing, and their food ought not to 

 be changed whilst they suckle their lambs. 

 Ram-lambs to be separated from the evres in 

 the seventh month. Table of expenses for 

 feeding sheep. Thibet goats and Brazilian 

 goats yielded but two and a half to three 

 ounces of hair per head, in one year. 



Of cattle, the Swiss breed from the Ober- 

 land, in Bern, has been introduced. A bull 

 measures from tail to forehead, nine feet five 

 inches, and is six feet high. A cow is eight 

 feet eleven inches long, and five feet nine 

 inches high.f Calves new born, weigh 90 

 to 96 pounds. The author's experience 

 seems to confirm that of other breeders, that 

 the new-born calf weighs one-tenth of the 

 weight of its mother ; that it drinks almost 

 one-third of its own live weight ; and that a 

 cow, when well taken care of, yields one- 

 thirtieth of her live weight in milk. The 



* IG Dresflner metzen eriual to one scheffc;!, equal to 

 two and nine-tenths English bushels. 



t (iuantity of milk and butter not given, but the 

 breed is known to be excellent. The Leipzig foot 

 equal to 1.034 English. 



food for the cattle is steamed, whence cows 

 yield more and richer milk. 



Here follow details of what a couple of 

 horses are expected to perform in one day. 



The sow represented on the plate, is from 

 behind the ears to the tail, five feet six 

 inches long, and behind, two feet ten inches 

 high. They must be kept clean, and be fed 

 regularly; they require good dry litter; 

 warm styes; food tepid, not too thin; to be 

 given in small portions; its kind to be 

 changed often. Their dung is chiefly used 

 for hops. 



Part VI. — Trades attached to the Manor, 

 consisting of the brewery, distillery, brick- 

 kilns, mills, &c. From 1,200 pounds English 

 white potatoes and 372- ponnc's of barley- 

 malt, 102 to 114 kannen of brandy are dis- 

 tilled.t 



Part VII. — Accountant'' s department. — 

 Every servant entrusted with the keeping of 

 tools or other things, has to keep a book of 

 them, ready at all times for the insight of 

 the overseer of the estate, and a part of his 

 wages is kept back as surety, the amount of 

 which he receives upon his leaving the 

 manor, when all his things have been found 

 right. 



Part VIII. — Relates to the duties of the 

 overseer of the estate, and conditions under 

 which servants are engaged. The author 

 concludes with recommending the establish- 

 ment of institutions for improving servants 

 and others, for guarding the younger chil- 

 dren of the poorer classes, whose parents 

 are obliged to pass the greater part of the 

 day out of their houses. 



The following is a list of the servants at- 

 tached to the manor: 1st. Of those receiv- 

 ing a fixed salary and meals; the steward of 

 the manor, or overseer, for guiding and in- 

 specting the whole management of the agri- 

 cultural concerns, the trades attached to the 

 manor, and the accounts. The housekeeper, 

 — usually the wife of the steward, — for the 

 supervision of the dairy, the meals of the 

 servants, the linen and beds, and the raising 

 of the young farm stock. An accountant. 

 A deputy-steward, for special inspection of 

 tlie conduct and work of the servants, and 

 of the barns and granaries. A gardener, 

 with his assistant for the gardens of the 

 manor. A hop-vintner, for the hop-grounds. 

 A shepherd, who has several perquisites for 

 himself, his wife and two servants, consist- 

 ing of a small kitchen-garden, about three- 

 quarters of an acre for potatoes, cabbag-e and 

 turnips; two milch-cows, witli the necessary 

 fodder, and the requisite fuel ; or in place 



72 Kannen equal to 16f English gallons. 



