!S56 



Butter making in Orange County, JV. Y. Vol. VIII. 



the farmers not only pay, but thrive xipon ; 

 indeed, a more thriving set of men I never 

 met with. They are enabled to pay these 



In the work of Professor Low, on Scotch Husbandry, 

 will be found a complete account of the most approved 

 modes of furrow-draining, subsoil ploughing, and 

 other late improvements; and in the evidence given 

 before the Agricultural Committee of 183G, rendered ac- 

 cessible through Mr. Hutt's "Compendium," will be 

 found details of the cost of the different improvements 

 upon every variety of land: and the value of such 

 land, before the improvements, and after. In compar- 

 ing the rents with those of English farms, allowance 

 must also be made for the land in Scotland being tithe 

 free, and the poor rates, where they exist at all, being 

 very low. After making, however, a fair allowance 

 for all exemptions, I think the land, generally, through 

 the South-eastern, Eastern, and central parts of Scot- 

 land, yields 40 to 50 per cent, higher rent to the land- 

 lord, better profits to the farmer, and more comfortable 

 subsistence to the labourer, than land of the same 

 natural quality in England; advantages obtained, 

 partly by larger produce, and partly by more econo- 

 mical management. 



The following statement, derived from the Evi- 

 dence of both Scotch and English Farmers, is deserv- 

 ing attention. 



See " Remarks on the present state of Agriculture, by 

 Charles Shaw Lefevre, Esq., Chairman of the Select 

 Committee on Agriculture. Session 1836." llfA Edit. 



It appears from the above table, that the total aver- 

 age expense of cultivation on English Farms, is or 

 was at the rate of 5/. 12s. Id. per acre, whilst on 

 Scotch, only 41. 3s. Ad. The produce, per acre, being 

 the same (or rather greater on the Scotch farms,) the 

 Scotchman puts into his pocket 1/. 8.5. M. per acre, 

 more than the Englishman, which on a farm of five 

 hundred acres amounts to 718i. 15s. per annum, and 

 this he does, after paying to the landlord a higher rent 

 than would have been paid in England. 



rents, and thrive, partly, by the heavy crops 

 arising from skilful cultivation, s^uA. partly, 

 by economy of management in every de- 

 partment. Actual wages, however, are as 

 high as in England, namely — 10s. to lis. a 

 week, for a common labourer; 12s. for a 

 ploughman, and nine-pence a day for wo- 

 men, ten hours to the day. As to the great 

 amount of produce, it must be remembered, 

 that all the land is under the plough. Five 

 quarters of wheat to the acre, are reckoned 

 a fair average ; but some fields turn out six. 

 Ten or eleven quarters of oats, eight to ten 

 tons of potatoes, and twenty-six to thirty 

 tons of turnips, are reckoned- good fair 

 crops. 



[to be concluded in next number.] 



From the American Agriculturist. 

 Butter making in Orange Co., N. Y. 



I HAVE delayed until now a compliance 

 with your request, to furnish to you a state- 

 ment of the progress of butter making, aa 

 pursued in our county, with a view to obtain 

 from a number of our best butter makers, 

 the details of their process. As the state- 

 ments received do not materially differ from 

 each other, or from my own mode of pro- 

 ceeding, I .shall give you that. 



The milk room. — It is all-important that 

 this should be cool, dry, and moderately 

 light, with a free circulation of air. Mine 

 is in the cellar of my farm-house, ventilated 

 by means of two windows about two feet 

 square, on the north side, and a like window, 

 and a lattice-door on the south side, all co- 

 vered on the outside, with wire-gauze, fine 

 enough to e.xclude the flies. The floor is 

 formed by a layer of small stones, six inches 

 deep, well grouted — that is, a mortar of lime 

 and sand, thin enough to run freely, is poured 

 upon the stones until they are entirely co- 

 vered with it, — and when dry, a thin cover- 

 ing of water-lime cement is put upon it, and 

 made smooth with the trowel. This costs 

 little, if any more than a plank floor, and 

 effectually keeps out both rats and mice; 

 and as water does not injure it, it is easily 

 kept perfectly clean and sweet. The milk- 

 pans stand upon marble slabs, raised upon 

 brick-work, about two feet from the floor, 

 and the butter is worked upon a marble 

 table. A pump is placed at one end of the 

 room, bringing the water through a lead 

 pipe, from the bottom of the well, and the 

 water discharged, runs the whole length of 

 the cellar in a channel prepared for the pur- 

 pose, when the floor was cemented, and es- 

 capes through a fine iron grate, cemented 

 into the floor, over the mouth of the drain. 

 The churn stands in the milk-room, and is 



