214 



lVr:W EiNGLAND FAKMEU, 



Jan. 22. 1S30. 



Iiowcvcr, was greater llinn t at of the bandage ; 

 and the blecdinga returned rcpcat.^dly, till tlie p.i- 

 ticnl was nearly c.xIiuiisIl«I. Tlien a surgeon well 

 acquainted wiili Anatomy came, and took the 

 bandages from the limb, which lie found mortified 

 around the wound, fn m the tightness of the band- 

 age, lie next made an incision deep in the sound 

 purl of the Icir, and exposed the woimded artery, 

 and tied it. 'I'lic bleeding was einirely stopped, 

 and the poor man, though very low, recovered at 

 last, and continued a valuable member of society. 

 This is not a solitary case. We could relate a 

 great number very similar, in which important 

 lives have been preserved, which must have been 

 lost without a very minute knowledge of Anatomy. 



Mabama. — It has been proposed, in the Legis- 

 lature, to establish a State .Agricultural Society. 



NEW ENGLAND FARMER. 



BOSTON, FRIDAY, JANUARY 22, 1830. 



PUMPS. 



In a late number, page 198, we intimated an 

 intention to take notice of some observations of a 

 correspondent on the subject of rai ing and con- 

 veyitig water by pumps, pipes, &c. \Vc now pro- 

 ceed to quote from his communication such parts 

 as are most useful, and to add such remarks of 

 our own as may serve further to explain the ob- 

 jects of tha writer. He observes as follows : — 



" We will now say something for those who 

 are under the necessity of placing their dwellings 

 in such situations that they cannot obtain good 

 water without bringing it from a. distance, and 

 from fountains situated below their habitations. 

 In this case, cither of the before mentioned pipes, 

 [viz. those made of cast iron, wood, or ountion,] 

 will answer the purjrose by cementing the joints 

 air tight, and laying the jiipe i" a straight line, or 

 in a curve or arch not undulating ; for in the 

 latter case the air will accumidatc on the top 

 part of the waves, and so obstruct the water that 

 it will be difficult drawing water through the 

 pipe with a pump attached to the upper end of the 

 pipe, whereas by keeping the pipe as far as jjossible 

 from a zigzag form, there will be no difiicidty in 

 bringing water from a distance, provided the bore 

 of the pipe is always in proportion to the altitude of 

 the place where the water is to be drawn to above 

 the fountain ; for it will he seen by any who will 

 notice the principle on which the pump operates, 

 lliat a column of water thirty feet in height, will 

 be of more weight than one of ten feet, if they 

 arc of the same diameter. Hence wo say, that 

 if it is our wi.^li to raise water thirty feet, with the 

 same power applied to the lever of the pump, 

 that we should were the |>ump but ten feet it is 

 obvious that we must diminish the bore of the 

 pipe that is thirty feet long, or the pov%cr and 

 weight will not be equal. 



" There is one other thing that is worthy of 

 notice, that is, although water is a very subtile 

 fluid, yet there is some friction which obstructs its 

 jiassage through an aperture or pipe. This fric- 

 tion will be nearly in proportion to the rubbing 

 surface. This friction cannot always be overcome 

 in pipes, yet it may be greatly diminished by the 

 accuracy of fuiishing the bore of the pipe. 



" It is worthy of remark that sonic workmen 

 make all punqis of the same bore, whither they 

 are 10, 20, or 10 feet long, and the j)ist()n rods 



are all of the same length. This is an error, 

 which should be corrected, for by adverting to the 

 weight of water, it will be seen that a column of 

 water 30 feet high will wii;,'h more than one of 

 ten feet ; besides, as we have before said, though 

 water is a very subtile fluid, yet it cannot pass 

 through an a]>erture without friction ; this friction 

 is nearly in proportion to the rubbing surfaces.* 

 This should always be taken into the account. 



" One thing more must be considered, viz : The 

 piston rod being so short as it is usually made, 

 causes great friction on the piston, as will be seen 

 by noticing the vibratory motion of the upper end 

 of the rod, w liereas were the rod twice, and in 

 some instances, thrice as long, the piston or buck- 

 et, will work much more free, and the column of 

 water being above the valve will be raised much 

 easier than if it were below. 



" IJuchaiian'b pump, if generally adopted, would 

 be found of the greatest utility, for it may, with a 

 small expense, answer the double purpose of a 

 pump and fire engine. All the additional expense 

 will be an air vessel, attached to tlie |)ump. This 

 putnj) at isolated farm houses, and other rural es- 

 tablishments, wc should think must be of the 

 greatest importance. 



" In considering the i)ump, I have thought it 

 necessary to calculate a table, shewing the difle- 

 rence between the cjuantity of water raised by the 

 pump with its piston rod of the common length, 

 and one that has its piston rod of half the length 

 of the sucking pipe, using the same power in both 

 eases. 



" In the common method it will stand thus: — 



ft. in. 

 For a pump of 10 feet in height, 6 9 

 " 15 5 6 



"20 4 9 



"25 4 4 



"30 4 



With the rod as it should be it will stand thus : 



ft. in. 

 For 10 feet 6 9 



15 5 8 



20 5 4 



25 4 8 



30 4 5 



" These tables both refer to the bore of the suck- 

 ing pum[), and arc of such diameters as ought al- 

 ways to be observed in making pumps. I5ut 

 should the piston rod he lengthened to two-thirds 

 the length of the pump, it will be readily seen that 

 the water would be raised easier than it would be 

 if it was but one-third the length of the pump." 



Jiy the ICditor. — It is remarked by Dr Gregory 

 in his Dictionary of Jlrts, SfC, that " common as 

 the pump is, and overlooked even by the curious, 

 it is a very abstruse and refined invention. No- 

 thing like it has been found in any of the rude na- 

 tions whom the F.uropeans have discovereil, ei- 

 ther in the new continent of .America, or the isl- 

 ands of the Pacific Ocean. Nay, it was iiidmown 

 in the cultivated cnqiire of China, nt the time of 

 our arrival there by sea ; and it is still a rarity 

 every where in Asia, in jiluces unfrequented by 

 the I'uropeans. It docs not appear to have been 

 known by the Greeks and Romans in early times, 

 and perhaps it came from Alexandria, where phy- 

 sical and mathematical science was much culli- 



■ Till- nihliing surfaces, liowevor, are greater in Mnnll 

 llian in liigo pipes, in proportion to the water they arc 

 ciipuble <i/' Ji»charging.—ED. N. K. FARMcn. 



vated by the Greek school under the protection ( 

 the Ptolemies. 



What is called suction in punqis, is produce 

 altogether by the weight or pressure of the alniot 

 pherc. The air inside of the pump stock is lifie 

 or laded out by the piston, which may be callc 

 an air-ladle. As fast as the air is dijiped out, ih 

 water is pressed in. The same power w hieh i 

 necessary to lift the air out of the piinqi stock, an 

 thus make way fi)r the water, would be require 

 for lifting an equal quantity of water, by anv oih 

 er method, as high as it is elevated by workiiq 

 till; pump. 



\Vith regard to drawing or forcing water to ; 

 distance from the fountain, or source, by n puinpf- 

 thc following from Dr Bigclow's " Teehnologyjm^ - 

 contains useful directions. t. 



" .Irrangtment of Pipes. — The pipe througl 

 which water is raised, by pumps of any kind 

 ought to be as short and straight as possible i 

 Thus, if we have to raise water to a height o 

 20 feet, and to carry it to a horizontal distance o 

 100, by means of a forcing punqi, it will be mori 

 advantageous to raise it first vertically into a cis- isf 

 tern 20 feet above the reservoir, and then to let i 

 run along horizontally, or find its level in a ben 

 pi[)e, than to connect the punqi immediately wit! 

 a single pipe, carried to its place of destination 

 And for the same reason a sucking pump shoul 

 be |)laced as nearly over the well as possible, it 

 order to avoid a loss of force in working it. I 

 very small i)ipes are used, they will much increas< 

 the resistance by the friction which they occasion.' 

 — Elements of Technolo^, p. 320. 



With regard to the length of the piston rod 

 the following observations by Dr Gregory art 

 much to the purpose. 



" A pump intended to raise water to any hei^'h 

 whatever, will always work more easy and le 

 quire no greater power to give motion to the 

 bucket, if both the valves are placed towar<ls the 

 bottom of the pipe, than if they were fixed 33 feci 

 above the surface of the water. 



" The playing of the piston thus low in the 

 pipe will, besides, prevent an inconvenience which 

 might happen was it placed above, viz : in case ol 

 a leak beneath the bucket, which in agreat length 

 of pipe may very e.nsily happen, the outward air 

 getting through would hinder the neccssarv rare- 

 fiiction in the barrel on moving the piston, and 

 consequently the pump might fail in the opera- 

 lion. This can only effectually be prevented by 

 placing the pump work in or near the water; in 

 which case should any leak happen upward, it 

 will only occasion the loss of some of the wairr, 

 without any other inconvenience ; and the leail er 

 and the valves being kept under water will al- 

 ways be found supple, pliant, and in a condition 

 to perform their olVice. 



" Placing the pump work, (that is the valve and 

 piston) jirelly low and near together, will also 

 prevent the inconvenience of not being able in all 

 rases to fetch up water from the spring by the or- " 

 dinary pump, when of an eipial bore, by reason of 

 the shortness of the stroke ; which therefore can- 

 not rarefy the air sufliriently to bring the water up 

 to the i)iston from the lower valve. For instance. 

 Take n smooth barrelled pump, 21 feet long, hav- 

 ing the piston fi'tcbing, suppose a foot stroke, 

 placed above, and the clack or fixed \alve .u the 

 other end below. I?y the playing of the piston, 

 admit it possible for water to rise 1 1 feet, or if you 

 will, let water be poured on the clack, to th« 



