Vol. VIII.— No. 34. 



AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL. 



2C9 



e gully, where no passage was known to exist 

 y his rider. Resolving to see whither the cun- 



ling rogue would go, he gave him the rein, and 

 )on found himself carried over the gully by a 

 )Ute he had never before followed. Still, how- 

 ver, thinking that the former way was the near- 

 3t, he was curious enough to have both niea- 

 jred, when he fouml the horse's judgment, cor- 

 ct ; that way being the nearest by several huu- 

 red yards." 



ki Of the paces of the hackney, and of horses 



menerally, and the principle of the walk, the trot, 

 le canter, and the gallop, we shall be better able 



Hi speak, when the structure of the horse, varying 

 1 different breeds, has been explained. 



HORTICULTURE. 



ECUNDATION OF PLANTS, FRUITS, &c. 



Mr Fessenden — The method of producing 



w varieties of fruits, by artitioial fecundation, 

 IS been extensively applied to flowers, ornamental 

 irubs, and trees, by the nursery-men of England, 



ance, and Hollaml. It has been successfully 

 i|; Ti ployed on the Magnolia, Rhododendron, Azalea, 

 amellia, and other ligneous plants, as well as 

 lose of the herbaceous families, and many superb 

 ybrid kinds have been created. 



With the hope, that attempts will be made in 



is country, to nuiltiply in the same manner, our 

 irielies of horticultural products, I inclose an 

 xtract, giving the details of experiments made 

 ion Carnations, which will indicate, with sufli- 

 ent exactness, the process to be observed in 

 cundating all other plants, from the most humble, 



the monarchs of the forest. 



There are no trees or shrubs more valued in 

 urope for embellishing jiicturesque grounds, than 



e magnificent varietiesof the American Magnolia, 

 ndronieda. Azalea, Kalmia, and Rhododendron. 



MAG.VOIIA. 



There are nine species indigenous to the United 



II tates, seven of which have been described by 



[iCHAUX. 



1. — Magnolia Grandifora, or Big Laurel, is one 

 r the largest trees of the United States, sonie- 

 mes attaining the height of ninety feet, and three 

 et in diameter ; but its ordinary stature is from 



to 70 feet. The leaves are ever green, 

 X or eight inches long, and of a brilliant green 



1 their upper surface. The flowers are white, of 

 n agreeable odor, and seven or eiglR-Vnches 



III road. Blooming in the midst of a rich foliage, 

 ley produce so fine an effect, that this tree is 

 Jiisidered one of the most beautiful productions 

 r the vegetable kingdom. It is not seen growing, 



(I aturally, this siile of North Carolina. 



2. — Magnolia Glauca, — Small Magnolia, or 

 k^hite Bay, rises to the height of forty feet, with 

 diameter of twelve or fourteen inches in the 

 arolinas and Georgia, but in the Middle and 

 orthern States does not generally exceed ten or 

 velve, and yields blossoms at the height of five 

 r six feet. The leaves are five or six inches long, 

 f a dark shining green above, and glaucus or 

 ray underneath. They fall in anlumn. The 

 owers are two or three inches broad, white, and 

 ery fragrant. It is found as far north as Cape 



iDB. 



3 — Magnolia Jlccuminata or Cucumber Tree; — 

 equals in height and diameter the Big Laurel ; 

 W leaves are six or seven inches long, and three 



or four broad oti old trees, but upon saplings, 

 growing in moist plai-cs, they are oflen twice as 

 large : they fall in autumn. The flowers, which 

 are five or six inches in diameter, are bluish, and 

 sometimes with a tint of yellow, and have a feeble 

 perfmne. It is found as far north as Niagara 

 river. 



4. — Magnolia Cordaia, or Heart-leaved Cucum- 

 ber Tree, rises to the height of forty or fifty feet ; 

 the leaves are from four to six inches in length, 

 and from three to four wide, smooth, and entire ; 

 the flowers are yellow, with the interior of the 

 petal marked with reddish lines; they are nearly 

 four inches in diameter. This tree is found on 

 the streams, in the interior of the Carolinas 

 and Georgia. 



5. — Magnolia Tripetala, or Umbrella Tree, 

 sometimes rises to the height of thirtyfive feet. 

 Its leaves, which are thin, oval, and entire, are 

 eighteen to twenty inches long, and seven or eight 

 wide ; they are often disposed in rays at the ex- 

 tremities of vigorous shoots, and thus display a 

 surface from thirtysix to forty inches in diameter; 

 whence is derived the name of Umbrella Tree. 

 The flowers are seven or eight inches in diameter, 

 white, and situated at the extremity of the 

 branches. They have a less agreeable aroma 

 than those of the other species of the Magnolia ; 

 but they are beautiful, and the tree is magnificent. 

 It is found as far north as New York. 



6. — Magnolia Auriculata, or Long-leaved Cu- 

 cumber Tree, is found only in a small tract of the 

 Alleghany Mountains, which traverses the South- 

 ern States ; it attains the height of forty or forty- 

 five feet ; leaves light green, eight or nine inches 

 long, and from four to six broad ; they are smooth 

 on both surfaces ; the base is divided into rounded 

 lobes. The flowers are three or four inches in 

 diameter. 



7. — Magnolia Macrophylla, or Large-leaved 

 Umbrella Tree. Of all the species of the Mag- 

 nolia, this is the most remarkable for the size of 

 its leaves and flowers ; is the least multiplied, and 

 is rarely met with except in the forests of the 

 Carolinas and Tennessee, where they are by no 

 means connnon. It does not e.xceed thirtyfive 

 feet in height. The leaves are sometimes thirty- 

 live inches long, and nine or ten broad ; they are 

 of an oblong oval shape, pointed at the extremity, 

 and cordiform at the base ; color light green above, 

 and glaucus beneath : they fall in the autumn. 

 The flowers are larger than those of any other 

 species ; white, and eight or nine laches in diam- 

 eter ; within the flower, near the bottom of the 

 petals is a purple spot ; they diffuse a fragrant 

 odor, and their beauty is heightened by the luxu- 

 riant foliage which smTOunds them. 



There are two other American species of the 

 Magnolia, which have not been described by 

 MicHAux ; one is called the Piramidata, and the 

 other resembles the Cordata. 



All the varieties are easily raised from the seeds 

 which are contained in cones of various sizes, 

 from two to five inches in length, and from one 

 to two inches in diameter. 



ANDROMEDA. 



Many of the species of this shrub abound in 

 the United States, and arc known under the com- 

 mon trivial name of the He-Tfhortleberry, because 

 they resemble the whortleberry bushes, and bear 

 no fruit. They are all beautiful, hardy, deciduous 

 shrubs, bearing white and flesh-colored flowers, 

 and delight in moist ground ; they may be in- 



creased by their creeping roots, which put up 

 suckers at a distance, or propagated by seeds and 

 layers. Bartram considers the — 



1. — Andromeda Formosissima, or Indian Pipe 

 Stem, the most beautiful. It is an evergreen, 

 and the Creek Indians set a high value on the 

 shoots, two years old, for making their pipe steins, 

 being very straight, and from 12 to 15 feet long. 



2. — Andromeda Calycidata, or Dwarf Andro- 

 meda. A low evergreen shrub ; found in Milton, 

 near Neponset river; flowers in April. 



3. — Andromeda Arhora, or Sorrel Tree, is the 

 only species which rises a suflicieut height to bo 

 ranked among forest trees. It first aj)pears on 

 the Alleghaiiies in Virginia, and is found to their 

 termination in Georgia. In the valleys of North 

 Carolina, they have been seen fifty feet high, and 

 twelve or fifteen inches in diameter, which is ex- 

 traordinary, as the other nine or ten species, so 

 numerous in the Atlantic states, rarely exceed six 

 feet in height, and an inch in diameter, and some 

 of them do not rise higher than four feet. The 

 leaves of the sorrel tree are downy in the spring, 

 but become smooth in acquiring iheir growth ; 

 they are oval-acuminate, finely dentii'ulateii, and 

 from four to five inches long'. The flowers are 

 small, white, and formed into spikes, five or six 

 inches in length. 



KALMIA. 



The shrubs of this genera, in the United States, 

 are known under the names of Laurel, Lamb- 

 kill, Ivy, Spoon-wood, and Calico-bush. Doctor 

 Bigelow observes, that "Peter Kalm, a i)upil of 

 LinnEBUs, who travelled in North America in 

 1748 — 9, has liad the honor of giving name to 

 one of the most elegant family of flowering shrubs 

 which this continent produces." Four specie.s 

 have been described. 



1. — Kalmia Lalifolia, Mountain or Broad Leav- 

 ed Laurel, is common in the northern states, and 

 embellishes the flanks of the Alleghany moun- 

 tains, from Pennsylvania to Georgia. It some- 

 times attains the size of a small tree. The leaves 

 are oval-acuminate, entire, and about three inches 

 long. The flowers are disposed in corymbs, at 

 the extremity of the branches ; they vary from 

 white to red. 



2. — Kalmia Angustifolia, or Narrow Leaved 

 Laurel. This is a low shrub, with rose-colored 

 flowers, very common in low grounds in all parts 

 of New England, and is known by the names of 

 Lamb-kill, Sheep-poison, Low Laurel, &c. Flow- 

 ers in lateral corymbs, proceeding from the axils 

 of the leaves, and forming a sort of whorl round 

 the stem ; blooms in June. 



There are two other species, the Glauca and 

 Hirsuta. 



AZALEA. 



The shrubs of this genera are from two to fif- 

 teen feet high. The corollas, or flowers, are bell 

 or funnel shaped. There are the five following 

 species, the two first of which are found in New 

 England, and the others are natives of the south- 

 ern states. 



1. — Azalea Viscosa, commonly called Wild Ho- 

 neysuckle, or Swamp Pink. Grows among the 

 brushwood in low land. Corolla funnel shaped, 

 generally white, hairy and glutinous on the out- 

 side. Five varieties occur in the color of the 

 leaves, parts of the flower, and sinifll branches ; 

 blooms in June and July. 



2.— Azalea Midifora, or Naked Azalea. There 

 are eight varieties, having either scarlet, deep red, 



