3 If) 



NEff ENGI.AND FAILMER, 



May 21, 1S30. 



in thi; daisy. Cautine, spriiii; ("rum tin; slciii, :iii(l 

 ranieal, from tlie lirunilies. Tlie«e are iilltTiiule, 

 0[>|)i)8itc, Bciiilorcil without onler, or cliistcrcil. 

 Si'TiTiil leaves stniidiiijr round the stem or brancli 

 are called pcr/iVi7/(i/e(/ or wliorled, and nrc three, 

 four or more. Decusanle, such as cro-<s each 

 oilier in puira ulti'riiiitcly, .1:4 in inniiy plants with 

 opposite leaves. Jinhiiialrd, lying ovuriach other 

 like tiles upon a roof. TtvurankeJ, pproad in two 

 directions, as in the hemlock. Unilateral, leaning 

 to one side, like Solomon's seal. Some leaves 

 are erect, others refle.xed, hut v'cnerully tlicy spread 

 more or less, hori/.ont.illy. Pttiolnlt, such as stand 

 on a foot stalk. Sessile, spring fiom tlic root or 

 branch without a foot stalk. Ptttale, have the 

 foot stalk inserted in the centre, as in llie nastur- 

 tium. jhnpUxicaut, clasp the stem or branch 

 with their base. Derurrent, run down the sicni 

 or branch in the form of a border. Perfolialtd 

 stem runnin;; through the leaf. Connate, united, 

 at their base, as in the trumpet honeysuckle. 

 Va^imant, sheathing the stem as in wheat and 

 most grasses. i,''yia'/an<, clasp each other in oppo- 

 site rows, being compressed at the base, as in the 

 iris. 



The form of leaves is either simple, as in grass- 

 es, lilies, &c, or compound, as in elder, roses, 

 ice. Simple leaves are either undivided, as in 

 lilies, or lobed like the hollyhock, &.c. Simple 

 leaves are either, orbicular, round, very rare ; 

 roundish, more common ; ovate, egg-shaped ; obo- 

 tia(f, same figure, broad and uppermost; elli/ilicnle, 

 broadest in the middle ; oblong, several times lon- 

 ger than broad ; spatulatc, roundish figure, taper- 

 ing into an oblongba.se; lanceolate, narrow, ob- 

 long, tapering towards each end, as in willows ; 

 cunet/brm, wedge-shaped, broad end, tapering down 

 to the b;use ; linear, narrow parallel, sides like many 

 grasses; acerose, needle-shaped, acute, rigid, ever- 

 green, as in pine, juniper, &c ; deltoid, trowel 

 shaped, three angles the terminal, one the most 

 acute ; rhomboid, diamond-shaped, neaily square ; 

 rtniform, kidney-slia|)ed, as in the Canada snake 

 root ; trianirular, having three angles ; ijuadraiigu- 

 lar, having four angles ; quinnuan'^ular, live an- 

 gles ; cordate, heart shaped, vciy common ; lunate, 

 crescent shaped ; sanitate, arrow shaped, triangu- 

 lar, posterior angles much elongated ; hastate, 

 triangular, hollowed out at the sides and 

 base ; panduriform, fiddle shaped, broad at the 

 ends, contracted in the iniildle ; runcitiate, cut 

 into several transverse, acute, refle.xed segments, 

 as in the dandelion ; lyrate, cut into several trans- 

 verse segments, gradually larger towards the end, 

 which is dilate I and rounded ; cloven, when the 

 fissures arc linear or straight ; lobed, segments^ 

 rounded ; sinuated, cut into rounded dilated open- 

 ings, as in the oak ; parted, deenly divided almost 

 to the base ; laciniated, cut into various irregular 

 portions as if torn ; palmated, hand-slmpeiJ, cut 

 into several oblong segment.s, leaving an entire 

 space at the base ; pinnatifid, cut into several 

 transverse, parallel segments; bipinnati/td, doubly 

 I>innatificd, cut into segments, and the seg- 

 ments cut again ; prclinalc, segments very nar- 

 row like the teeth of a comb ; or uneijual the 

 two halves of the leaf are unequal, and their bases 

 not parallel. Some leaves are tubular, as in the 

 onion ; others nro tnsifurm, two-edged, tajKiring 

 to H point, as in the iris, iVc. 



The termiiiftiion of a leaf is cither truncated, 

 abrupt, as if the extremity were transversely cut 

 olT; premorse, jaggr<|, having various irregular 

 notclids I retuse, ending with a. broad hollow 



notch ; emari^nate, wiih a Hinall bciit.' notch ; ob- 

 tuse, ending in a segment of u circle ; arule, termi- 

 nating in an acute angle ; ncuminatr, having a 

 taper point ; blunt with a small point ; mucronate, 

 tipped will 



.\l'i'l;.MJAO»;3 OF PLA.NTS. 



There are various appendages to the herbnge 

 of plants. 



1. .S7i;7u/(i, stipule. This is a leafy appcnda;;e 

 pine ; or oVrose, lipped with a ten- ! to the true leaves, or their stalks, commonly in 

 il. pair-, more or less constant in the same genus or 



1 The maiginofa leaf is, generally, either entire, species. 



IS in the lilac ; spinous, beset with prii-kh-s, as in 2. liractea, brpct — a leafy appendage to the 

 I the thistle ; H»f/rmf</, reverse to spinous ; ce/in/frf, 1 (lower, or its stalk, much diversified in difTerciit 

 fringed with soft hairs; car/i7«gi7iOH.i, hard and ,' pliints. 



.horny; dentated, toothed; serrated, teeth like 1 3- iynnci, thorn, proceeiU from the wood, as in 

 those of a saw, pointing fiirwards: minutely *er- the wild peur tree, which Ioi*b ila ihoruK on culli- 

 rated, teeth very fine; crennted, teeth rounded, vulioii. 



notched niili little rounded scallops; jng'g'e'/, ' 4. .'7cufeu», a prickle, proceeds only from the 

 irregularly notched; or wavy, bonlered by small i bark, as in the rose. 



obtuse angles. 5. Cirrus, ciajp^.T or tendril. Its use is to 



The plane or surface of a leaf is eilhor jmoo//t, support weak stems niid enable them to climb 

 naked, destitute of hairs, &c, rough, nigged ; treis, &c. These organs are either simple or 

 varty, small tubercles ; viscid, covered with a glii- bmiiched, straight ut first, but soon become spiral 

 tinoiis substance ; bristly, coarse and stiff hairs; 'and hard, and are thus capable of taking hold of 

 hairy, fine sliort hairs; downy, fine soft substance ; | anything that comes in their way. Some attach 

 shttf^f^y, long hairs; hoary, apparently frosted ; I themselves by a dilatation of their extremities, to 

 f^laucous, mealy ; striated, tiinrkvi\ with fine longi- | the smoothest and hardest substances, 

 tuiliiial lines ; furrowed, lines deeper than the last ; 6. Glandutosa, a gland, a stnall tumor, secret- 

 spottfd, more or less ; (the fiiregoing terms a|iply ing a sweet, resinous, or fragrant liquor, os on the 



equally to stems and leaves; the fidlowing apply 

 only to leaves) wriuMed, little inequalities ; blisten/, 

 inequalities larger, as in the cabbage ; f/laited, fiild- 

 cd u[) and down ; undulaltd, waveil obtusely up 

 and down ; curled, the border more expanded 

 than the disk ; concave, hollow in the middle ; 

 convex, reverse of the Inst ; I'ctXy, vessels promi- 

 nent — forming a kinil of net work; ji'iif;/, simple 

 lines extending from the base to the point ; triply, 

 ribbed, three ribbed, the lateral ribs branch off 

 above the has • ; base-triply-ribbed, the base cut 

 away close to the lateral ribs, as in burdock. 

 Some leavi's are fleshy, such as belong to tlio 



calyx of the moss rose. 



7. Pilus, a hair or bristle, some on pressure dis- 

 charge a poison, as in the nettle. 



MODKS OF rLOWERI.XG. 



The modes of flowering are various. 



1. /'cW(fi7/i(.9, a whorl. The flowers surround 

 the stem in a ring or wreath, though perhaps they 

 are only inserted on its two oppo^ilc sides, as in 

 mint. 



2. Racemus, a duster or raceme. Several 

 flowers each on its own stalk, loosely arranged 



^long one common stalk, which may be simple 

 plants calle<l succulent. Their internal pulpjol' branched — generally drooping or pendulous, 

 s(!ems to have no share in their jieculiar functions | like a bunch of currants, 

 as leaves; but to retain moisture. j 3. Spica, a spike— numerous crowded flowers 



Compound leaves consist of two or more leaf- ranged along an upright common slalk, expanding 

 lets, fiiliola, small simple leaves having one com- ' progressively, as in wheat. Spicula, S|iikelet, is a 

 inon foot-stalk. They come, princijially, mider [ term ii.sed only for grasses, ami expresses that as- 

 tlie following denominations. semhlage of florets in a common calyx which 



i>iffi(a<c, several leafle;s siiin<ling on the sum- ' """"s''''''^^ ''''''' ''""■'^'■'"• 

 mit of a common fi)Ot-stalk. Such are either />i- 4. Cor7/mbus, corymb — a flat-topped spike, 

 nate, two ; ternate, three ; or riuinnte, five leaf- the long stalks of whose lowermost flowers raise 

 lets. themselves to a level, or neaily so, with the up- 



Jointed, one leaf, growing from the summit of permost, as in the yarrow, cabbage, &c. 

 another by a kind of joint. j 5. Fasciculus, a fascicle, n close bundle of 



Pinnate, composed of several leaflets ranged [ flowers on small stalks varioiislv connected and 

 laterally on the fi.ot stalk, as in the rose. When I level at the top, as in the poetic pink. 



6. Capitutum, a head or tnfi, composed of nu- 

 merous sessile flowers placed in a globular form, 

 as in the globe amaranthiis. 



7. f7/ii6f//(J, an iindiel consists of several smoll 

 stalks spreading from one common centre, hke an 

 iinibrella. Each stalk is either suijle flowered, 

 or as ronmioiily occurs, subdivided into small 

 partial umbels, as in the carrot, par.-ley, &c. 



8. Cyma, a cyme, consists of stalks spri'i|;ing 



il has no terminal leaflet, it is called abruptly pin- 

 nate ; sometimes a tendril takes the place of the 

 odd leaflet, as in the pea. The leafllets are oppo- 

 site or alternate, sometimes they arc interrupted 

 by an intermediate series of smaller ones. 



Ltjrala pinnate, much resembling a lyrate leaf, 

 the terminal leaflet is much tlio largest, as in the 

 turnip. 



.luriculate, a simple leaf with a pair of auricles 

 or leaflets at its base. 



Pedate, has three primary leaflets of which the I •r'"" o'"" '^o •"" ccnire, but are afterwards ir- 



lateral ones are compoiiiiih'd. regularly subdivided, as in the eliler, snowball, 



Leaves are compouiiil, in diflercnt degrees, as &c 

 the cas.i may be, as, simply compound ; doubly 

 compound ; and thrice compound ; of all wlilcli 

 the umbellifirous tribe afioiils examples. Some 

 leaves are twice ..nd thrice binate or paired ; some leans to one side, 

 are twice and thrice ternate ; and .some are doii- ' 10. TAyrJiM, a tliyrse, a dense bunch inclin- 

 bly and triiily pinnate, spreading out in sc\eral di- ing to an oval form, as in the lilac, 

 rcctions, [To Ik continurj ntxt tretk] 



9. Panicula, a panicle, a loose subdivi.leil 

 bunch of flowers arranged w ilhout onler, as in the 

 oat. It is either close or spreailing — sometimes it 





