PMisked by JoHS U. Russeli,, al J^Ta. 52 Jslorih Market Strett, (at the Jlgncullural H'archoitae). — Thomas G. Fessendxk, £A7or. 



voL.;yiii. 



BOSTON, FRIDAY, JUNE 4, 1830. 



No. 46. 



OTHGINAL COMMUNICATIONS. 



A SKETCH OF VEGETABLE ANATOMY, I 

 VEGETABLE ECONOMV, &c. j 



[Concluded from pare 3-15.] 

 CLASSIFICATIO.N OF PLANTS. 



The species of plants are so immensely numer- 

 ous, that some motle of arrangement is absolute-' 

 ly necessary. Hence the vegetable kingdom i-i 

 divided into Classes, Orders, Genera, Species and ■ 

 Varieties. 



Classes may be compared to Nations. I 



Orders may be compared to Tribes or divisions ofNa-j 



tions. L 



Geriera- may be compared to Families that compose u 



Tribes. ' 



Species may be compared to Individuals that compose. 



Families. I 



Varieties may be compared to Individuals under certain I 



variations. 



'The Linnman .sy.stcm is founded on the num- 

 ber, situation and jiroportion of the essential or- 

 gans of fructification, the stamens and pointals. 

 The 24 classes principally owe their distinctions 

 to the nund)er, situation, and proportions of the 

 stamens; the orders or divisions of the clases 

 are marked by the number of pointals, or by soiiie 

 other circumstance equally intelligible. The first 

 II classes are distinguished solely by the number 

 of stamens;. and the orders in the first 13 classes 

 are founded on the number of pointals, or lb" 

 number of sti;;;mas where the styles are wantin^. 

 The names of both classes and orders ate . '" 

 Greek derivation, and refer to the functions of ihe 

 respective organs.' Many of the names end with 

 andria, male ; or gynia, female. 



ORDERS. 

 ( 1. Monogynia — Pointal. 1. 

 [2. Digynia — Pointals. 2. 

 [ 1. Monogynia — Pointal 1. 

 ' 2. Digynia — Pointals 2. 

 {3. Trigynia " .3. 

 1. Monogynia — Pointal 1. 

 ' 2. Digynia — Pointals 2. 

 '3. Trigynia " 3. 



1. Monogynia — Pointal 1. 



2. Digynia — Pointals 2. 

 '3. Tetragynia " 4. 



CLASSES. 

 L Monandria. Stamen L 



2. Diandria. Stamens 9. 

 Ex. Lilac. 



3. Triandria. Stamens 3. 

 E.X. Grasses, Iris. 



Tetrandria. Stamens 

 4. Ex. Plantain. 



ri. Monogynia — Pointal L 

 2. Digynia— Pointals 2. 



1 *■■ -J'gy 



5. Pentandria. Stamens! 3. Trigynia " 3. 



5. Ex. Honeysuckle, ) 4. Tetragynia " 4. 

 Elder. | 5. Pentagynia " 5. 



[e. Polygynia " many. 



1. Monogynia — Pointal 1. 



2. Digynia — Pointals 2. 

 Hexandria. Stamens) 3. Trigynia " 3. 



6. Ex. Lily, Hyacinth. ) 4. Tetragynia " 4. 



j 5. Hexagynia '* 6. 

 (.6. Polygynia " many, 

 fl. Monogynia — Pointal 1. 



7. Heptandria. Stamens! 2. Digynia — Pointals 2. 



7. Ex. Wintergreen. j 3. Tetragynia " 4. 



1^4. Heptagynia " 7. 

 fl. Monogynia — Pointal 1. 



8. Octandria. Stamens 8.1 2. Digynia — Pointals 2. 

 Ex. Mezereon. j 3. Trigynia " 3. 



1^4. Tetragynia " 4 



L Monogynia — Pointal 1. 



2. Trigynia — Pointals 3. 



^3. Hexagynia " 6. 



fl. Monogynia — Pointal 1. 



10. Decandria. Stamens | 2. Digynia— Pointals 2. 

 JO. Ex. Kalmia, Pink.-j 3. Trigynia " 3. 



4. Pentagynia " 5 



5. Decagynia " 10 



9. Enneandria. Stamens 

 9. Ex. Rheum. 



1 1 . Dodecandria. Stamens 

 12 10 19. Ex. Snakeroot 



16. 



12. Icosandria. Stamens f 

 20, ov more inserted ] 1. 

 into or growing out of-^ 2. 

 the caly.v. Ex. Straw- j 3. 

 berry, apple. (_ 



fl- 



a. Polyandria. Slamens i 2. 

 more than 20, numor- | 3, 

 ous, inserted into the-( 4. 

 receptacle. Ex. Pop- I 5. 

 py. I 6. 



17. 

 fL 



14. Didynamia. Stamens 

 2 long and 2 short. 

 Flowers labiate .singent 

 or personate in general. 

 One pointal only. 



i 

 fL 



15. Tetradynamia. Sta- j 

 mens 4 long" and 21 

 short. Cruciform flow- ) 2. 



I. Monogynia — Pointal 1. 

 !. Digynia— Pointals 2. 

 i. Trigynia " 3. 

 1. Tetragynia " 4. 

 >. Pentagynia ** 5. 

 i. Dodecagynia " 12 to 19. 



. Monogynia— Pointal 1. 



. Pentagynia— Pointals 5. 



Polygynia " many. 



Monogynia — Pointal 1 . 



Digynia — Pointals 2. 



Trigynia " 3. 



Tetragynia " 4. 



Pentagynia " 5. 



Hexagynia " 6. 



Polygynia " 



Gymnospermia 

 naked in the bottom of 

 the calyx, generally 

 four ; plants arodnatic. 

 Ex. Mint. 



Angiospermia. Seeds nu- 

 merous in a capsule ; 

 plants handsome, &c. 

 Ex. Foxglove. 



Siliculosa. Fruit in a 

 roundish pod. Ex.Lu- 

 naria. 



Siliquosa. Fruit in a 

 long pod. Ex. Mus- 

 tard, Radish. 



many. 

 Seeds 



IG. Monadelphia. Sf.. 

 mens united by their 

 filaments into one tube, 

 separated at the top. 

 "^x. A!tha:a. Hibiscus. 



^*'The numberof'starnens 

 being here of seconda- 

 ry importance, serves 

 to discriminate the or- 

 der? in this and the two 

 next classes. 



17. Diidelphia. Stamens f 

 united by their fila- f 

 menti into two .sepa- 1, 

 rate parcels, both some- J 2. 

 times cohering at the"^ 3. 

 base. Flowers papilio- 4. 

 naceous. Ex. Pea, | 

 Bean. ^ 



fl- 



18. Polyadelphia. Sta- 

 mens united by their 

 filaments into more 

 than two parcels. This.( 2. 

 class ia now, by many j 

 rejected, and the plants 

 distributed in other 

 classes. 



fl- 



19. Syngenesia. Flow- 

 ers compound. The 

 anthers imited into a 

 tube, over a single 

 seed. The orders are 

 founded on the situa- 

 tion of the several 

 kinds of florets. Some 

 florets kiave both sta- 

 mens and pointals; some_ 

 have the one, and some I 

 the other; and some [ 



Pentandria 

 Hexandria 

 Octandria 

 Decandria 



Dodecandria. Stamens, 

 or rather anthers, from 

 12 to 20. Filaments 

 inserted into the recep- 

 tacle. 



Icosandria. Stamens nu- 

 merous ; filaments in- 

 serted into the calyx. 



Polyandria. Stamens 

 very numerous, insert- 

 ed into the receptacle. 



Polygamiasequalis. The 

 florets perfect, each 

 having stamens, &c, 

 pointal, as in the dan- 

 delion. 



Polygamia superflua. 

 The florets in the disk 

 perfect, having slamens 

 and pointals ; those in 

 the ray or margin hav- 

 ing pointals only, but 

 all producing fertile 

 seed, as in the field 

 daisy, yarrow, aster, 

 fee. 



Polygamia frustranea. 

 The florets in the disk 

 perfect; those of the 

 margin having no poin- 

 tal, or no effectual one, 



are destitute of any 

 that are eflcclual. Po- 

 lygamia is the family 

 name applied to all the 

 orders, and implies that 

 there are many florets 

 inclosed within one 

 common calvx. 



are neuter, ,as in the 

 sun-flower. 



4. Polygamia necessaria. 

 The florets in the disk 

 having only stamens, 

 arc neuter ; those of 

 the margin having only 

 pointals, and are fertile, 

 as in the marigold. 



5. Polygamia segregata. 

 The florets all perfect, 

 each having its own 

 proper calyx besides 

 the one common to all, 

 as in the glol)e thistle. 



1. Monandria, stamen 1. 



2. Diandria, stamens 2. 



3. Triandria " 3. 



4. Tetrandria " 4. 

 Pentandria *' 5. 

 Hexandria " 6. 

 Octandria " 8 



21. Monmcia. Stamens f 1. Monandria, stamen 1. 

 and pointals in separate I 2. Diandria, stamens 2. 

 flowers, but on the | 3. Triandria, " 3. 

 same plant. Ex. mel- I 4. Tetrandria, " 4. 

 on, Indian corn, ches- ] 5. Pentandria *' 5. 



nut, hazel, kc. The J 6. Hexandria " 6. 



J-;-, Poliandria, " many. 



20. Gynandria. Stamens 

 inserted on the pointal. 

 The orders are rnaiked 

 by the number of Sta- 

 mens. Ex. Lady's] 

 slipper. 



IS: 



orders of this class and 

 the next are distin- 

 guished by the number 

 of stamens, or by some 

 other characlcr of the 

 preceding classes. 



8. Monadelphia, filaments 

 united iulo a tube. 

 Polyadelphia, filaments 

 united into more than 

 l^ two parcels. 



1. Monandria, stamen 1. 



2. Diandria, stamens 2. 



22. Direcia. Stamens 3. Triandria " 3. 

 and pointa' in separate 4, Tetrandria " 4. 

 flowers, l.^i"o.' lwosep--( 5. Pentandria " 5. 

 arate plan's. Ex. 1 6. Hexandria " 6. 

 hemp, willow, &c. | 7. Polyandria " many. 



j 8. Monadelphia, filaments 

 t united into a tube. 



23. Polygamia. Slamens f 1. Mona:.^ia. When the 

 and pointals separate in I several kinds of flow- 

 some flowers, united \ ers grow en one single 

 in others, on one, two | plant, 

 or three separate) 2 Dioesia. When they are 



plants of the same spe 

 cies. This class has 

 been rejected, and the 

 plants incorporated 

 with other classes. 



24. Cryptogamia. Sla- 

 mens and pointals ob- 

 scure, and not well as- 



sep- 



tuated on two 

 arate individuals. 

 3 Trioesia. When they are 

 placed three separate 

 plants. 



1. Filices. Ferns, which 



bear their seed on the 

 back of the leaf, and 

 hence called a frond. 



2. Musei. Mosses. A har- 



dy family. 



3. Hepaticas. Liverworts, 



generally bearing the 

 seed on the leaf 



certaincd as to num--i 4. Algfe, Flags. These are 

 ber. trondose. This order 



includes the numerous 

 tribe of sea weeds. 

 5. Fungi, Mushroons, &c. 

 They are of quick 

 growth and of short du- 

 ration, some are pois- 

 onous and none fit for 

 the human stomach. 

 The orders are divided into genera or families, 

 each of which consists of one or more species or 

 individuals, which agree with each other in the 

 general aiipearance of their flower and fruit, and 

 disagree with all other genera as to form and na- 

 ture, as in the families of roses and lilies. Tbo 

 generic and essential character is that mark or 

 marks which distinguish the different genera one 

 from another, and these distinguishing marks are 



