LANDSCAPE GARDENING. 



and the pretty, rural, gabled cottage, of more humble pre- 

 tensions ; are all varieties of this multiform style, easily 

 adapting itself to the comforts and conveniences of private 

 life. 



Contrasted with Classic Architecture and its varieties, 

 in which horizontal lines are most prevalent, all the differ- 

 ent Gothic modes or styles exhibit a preponderance of 

 vertical or perpendicular lines. In the purer Gothic 

 Architecture, the style is often determined by the form of 

 the arch predominant in the window and door openings, 

 which in all edifices (except Norman buildings) were lancet- 

 shaped, or his;h pointed, in the 13th century ; four centred 

 or low arched, in the times of Henry VII. and VIII. ; and 

 finally square-headed, as in most domestic buildings of 

 later date. 



Castellated Gothic is easily known, at first sight, by the 

 line of battlements cut out of the solid parapet wall, which 

 surmounts the outline of the building in every part. These 

 generally conceal the roof, which is low, and were origin- 

 ally intended as a shelter to those engaged in defending the 



building against assaults. 

 Modern buildings in tho 

 castellated style, without 

 sacrificing almost every- 

 thing to strength, as was 

 once necessary, preserve 

 the general character of 

 the ancient castle, while 



[Fig. 47. The Castellated Mode.J 



they combine with it almost every modern luxury. In 

 their exteriors, we perceive strong and massive octagonal 

 or circular towers, rising boldly, with corbelled or project- 

 ing cornices, above the ordinary level of the building. The 



