284 THE ECHINOIDEA 



described many genera and species of Echinoids; but, as their 

 names were not binominal, they are not accepted. Gualtieri in 

 1742, and Seba in 1758, used the names and methods of their 

 predecessors, and described additional species. In the latter year 

 Linnaeus adopted the binominal system of nomenclature in the 

 tenth edition of his Systema Naturae, but in other respects his 

 treatment of the Echinoids was retrograde. He accepted sixteen 

 species ; but although among these there were such different types 

 as Echinus esculentus, Cidaris, Echinometra, Colobocentrotus, Arachnoides, 

 Clypeaster, etc., he included them all within a single genus. He 

 thus threw back the study of Echinoids for twenty years. It was 

 not till 1778 that Leske (48) reintroduced the sound system of 

 work adopted by Breynius and Klein, which had been discarded by 

 Linnaeus. Leske's edition of Klein, with his own " Additamenta," 

 therefore forms the real starting-point of systematic Echinology. 

 No important advance from this was made until the publication 

 of Lamarck's Histoire Naturelle des Animaux sans Ferttbres in 1816. 



From this date progress was rapid ; J the principal contribu- 

 tions being made by Gray (1825), de Blainville (1830), Desmoulins 

 (1837), L. Agassiz (1836, 1840, 1841, 1842), and Desor (1842). 

 In 1846 and 1847 the last two authors published a complete 

 synopsis of knowledge up to that date in their Catalogue Raisonnt 

 des Echinides. Since then the literature of the Echinoidea has 

 been voluminous. The existing species have been described by 

 Liitken, Diiben and Koren, Lovn, Leuckart, Peters, Grube, 

 Doderlein, Thomson, Bell, and especially by A. Agassiz. Our 

 knowledge of Palaeozoic Echinoids is mainly due to M'Coy, C. F. 

 Romer, J. Miiller, Desor, Meek, Worthen, Hall, Neumayr, Duncan, 

 Keeping, and Jackson ; of the Mesozoic faunas to d'Orbigny, 

 Cotteau, Wright, de Loriol le Fort, Clark, Schultze, Lambert, 

 Gras, Forbes, S. P. Woodward, etc. ; of the Cainozoic to Dames, 

 Laube, Cotteau, de Loriol, Forbes, Bittner, Gauthier, Peron, 

 Pomel, Duncan, Sladen, Hutton, Sismonda, Michelin, Grateloup. 



Dujardin and Hupe" (21) in 1862 attempted a synopsis of 

 the whole of the Echinoidea. Desor's Synopsis des Echinides 

 Fossiles (1854-58) is the last reliable summary of the fossil species, 

 as is Agassiz's Revision of the Echini of the recent. Revisions of the 

 genera were arranged by Pomel in 1883 and Duncan in 1890 (24). 



The morphology of the Echinoidea was first seriously studied by 

 L. Agassiz and Valentin, whose account in 1842 (5) of the skeleton 

 and visceral anatomy was based mainly on Stronyylocentrotus lividus, 

 Lam. sp. The circulation had been previously described by Tiede- 

 mann (1815) and Delle Chiaje (1825), and the nerves by Krohn 



1 Reference to part of the literature is given 011 pp. 328-332 ; a bibliography up to 

 1872 is given by A. Agassiz (1), pp. 1-9. Some of the general works are included in 

 the lists for Stelleroidea (p. 279) and for Ecliinodenua generally (p. 35). 



