ARTICULATIONS OF THE RIBS AND VERTEBRA 121 



This is a double condyloid joint. The movements in the 

 joint are flexion and extension, a nodding movement through 

 about 45 degrees; there is a slight lateral motion. 



The Ligaments Connecting the Axis with the Occipital 



Bone 



There are the occipitoaxial and three odontoid. To expose 

 these the spinal canal must be opened. The occipitoaxial 

 ligament prolongs the posterior common ligament of the spine 

 to the front of the foramen magnum, and there blends with 

 the dura. This is the broad ligament of the axis, and shows 

 three sets of fibers; the posterior blends with the dura, the 

 next is the continuation of the posterior common, and the 

 most anterior or deepest set is confined to the back of the 

 odontoid and body of the axis; this deepest layer also joins 

 the upper part of the posterior surface of the transverse liga- 

 ment, and is called the superior appendix of the transverse 

 ligament. A bursa is often between the broad and the trans- 

 verse ligament. 



From either side of the apex of the odontoid process an 

 alar or check ligament passes up and out to the inner side of 

 the condyle of the occiput. They limit the extent of rotation. 

 From the apex of the odontoid a middle band passes to the 

 front of the foramen magnum. 



Nerves of these joints are from the suboccipital and second 

 cervical; arteries are from the vertebral. 



THE ARTICULATIONS CONNECTING THE RIBS WITH 

 THE VERTEBRA 



There are two sets: (1) Connects heads of the ribs with the 

 bodies costocentral ; (2) connects necks and tubercles with 

 the transverse processes costotrans verse. 



1 . Costocentral. Anterior costovertebral or stellate capsular, and 

 inter articular. The costocentral consists of three bundles of 

 fibers radiating from the head of the rib; the upper bundle 

 passes to the vertebra above, the lower to the vertebra below, 

 and the middle to the intervertebral substance. The first rib 

 articulates with one vertebra, sends up a slip to the seventh 



