THE MUSCLES OF THE NECK AND BACK 179 



carries the lower angle out and up. Fixed below, one acting, 

 draws the head back and rotates the face to the opposite side; 

 both acting, draw the head back. The rhomboidei are special 

 antagonists of the serratus magnus; they elevate the superior 

 angle of the scapula and counteract the rotation of the trape- 

 zius; combined with the trapezius, the scapula is raised without 

 rotation or drawn back and in. Lcvator anguli scapuli raises 

 the angle of scapula, and assists the trapezius in bearing weights 

 and shrugging the shoulders. If the shoulder be fixed the 

 levator anguli inclines the head to the same side, also rotating 

 it in a similiar direction. Latissimus dor si, fixed at humerus, 

 draws the body forward as in using crutches or climbing, 

 feebly in forced respiration; fixed below, carries the elevated 

 arm down, back, and rotates in; draws the shoulder down and 

 back, is used in swimming; keeps the inferior angle of scapula 

 close to the chest wall. 



Serratus posticus superior, muscle of forced inspiration; 

 serratus posticus inferior, muscle of forced expiration (Quain 

 says of inspiration, as it holds the lower ribs fixed when the 

 diaphragm tends to draw them up). 



Splenii of one side draw the head and neck back and rotate 

 the face to the same side; help keep the head erect. 



The vertebral aponeurosis consists of longitudinal and trans- 

 verse fibers; above, it passes beneath the serratus posticus 

 superior and splenius muscles, to blend with the deep cervical 

 fascia; below, it is continuous with the intercostal fascia; 

 internally attached to the spinous processes of the thoracic 

 vertebrae; externally, to the angle of the ribs. 



The lumbar fascia is the same as the posterior aponeurosis 

 covering the transversalis abdominis muscle and is divided into 

 three layers: The dorsal layer is attached to the spines of the 

 lumbar and sacral vertebrae, and their supraspinous ligaments ; 

 the middle layer to the tips of the transverse processes, and 

 intertrans verse ligaments of the lumbar vertebrae; the ventral 

 layer, to the roots of the transverse processes of the lumbar 

 vertebrae. 



Fourth Layer. M. Sacrospinalis, p. n. 1 (erector spinse). 

 Origin, lowest two or three dorsal, all the lumbar and sacral 



1 A commission of anatomical nomenclature has suggested for universal use names 

 here marked p. n. (proposed name). It is practically the nomenclature of Henle. 



