WEJATHER BUREAU. 53 



State units. These forecasts are issued twice each day, a. m. and 

 p. m., at approximately 9 :30 o'clock. The morning forecast is given 

 general distribution through the display of weather and temperature 

 flags, the telephone, printed cards and bulletins, and the afternoon 

 press ; the evening forecast is distributed mainly through the various 

 press associations for appearance in the morning press. 



(h) Weekly forecasts, that are issued Saturday of each week for 

 larger areas than the day-to-day forectists, and set forth the ex- 

 pected general conditions of the w^eather for that period in advance. 

 These .lorecasts are disseminated largely through the press, but also 

 through mailed cards and bulletins. 



(c) Local forecasts, that are issued daily by the officials of the 

 more important AVeather Bureau stations for their respective regions. 

 These include a statement as to the probable weather, temperature, 

 and wind, and, during the winter months, the probable minnnum 

 temperature is made a part of the forecast. 



(d) Shippers' forecasts, which are regularly made during the 

 months when temperatures likely to be injurious to shipments of 

 perishable goods and produce occur. These forecasts are prepared 

 and issued by the local forecasters at many of the regular AVeathei* 

 Bureau stations. 



(e) Special forecasts that are issued from time to time as occasion 

 requires, and some of these are given special designations, as, for 

 example : " Fire-weather warnings," for the forest regions of the 

 West ; " Orchard forecasts," for the guidance of spraying operations 

 for insect pests and fungi, and of heating operations to prevent frost 

 injury. Moreover, special forecasts are regularly issued for the cran- 

 berry industry of Massachusetts, Xew Jersey, and Wisconsin ; and for 

 various other industries that are partially or wholly dependent on 

 accurate forecasts of weather and temperature changes. 



(/) Day-to-day forecasts of the weather and winds along the trans- 

 Atlantic steamship lanes eastward from the Atlantic ports to the 

 Grand Banks of Newfoundland are issued for the guidance of vessel 

 masters. 



(g) Da3^-to-day wind and weather forecasts for the Atlantic and 

 Gulf coasts are issued each day and transmitted to vessels at sea 

 through naval radio. In addition to .the forecast there is included in 

 this daily message the prevailing weather and wind conditions at 

 ports along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts and a statement as to the 

 position of any atmospheric disturbance and its direction and speed 

 of movement and intensity. 



(A) Aviation forecasts are made regularly each day for the Post 

 Office Department and the United States Army Air Service and the 

 United States Naval Air Service. This service is conducted in a 

 rather limited way as yet, but the general plan of the Weather Bureau 

 aims to effect its development as rapidly as funds and the extension 

 of aviation justify. 



(i) Warnings are obviously issued only at specified times, but many 

 of them are so important that when conditions arise which require 

 their issue other lines of w^ork give way in order that the warnings 

 and advices may be placed before commercial and other organizations 

 that may be benefited thereby. Warnings are issued for cold waves, 

 heavy snows, gales, frosts, local storms, floods, winds dangerous to 



