BOTH SIDES OF PROFIT-SHARING. 401 



It is not a criticism of the congress of 1895 to say that it 

 opened more questions than it decided. Penology, like every 

 other science, must advance by interrogations even more than by 

 affirmations. With the growth of knowledge problems multiply 

 and become more complex. But we are better prepared to grap- 

 ple with difficult conditions when we know what they are ; and 

 one of the most hopeful elements in dealing with the subject of 

 criminology in all its varied and elusive relations is the existence 

 of an organized international corps of men and women who ap- 

 proach the matter in a calm, judicial, scientific, and humane spirit. 



BOTH SIDES OF PROFIT-SHARING. 



BY FKEDERIC G. MATHEE. 



r I ^HERE seems to be no immediate prospect of ending the con- 

 -L test between capital and labor. No matter how strikes or 

 lockouts are settled, they leave a bad feeling behind them that 

 will be shown as soon as another opportunity offers. Mutual dis- 

 trust and jealousy mark the situation to-day as they have marked 

 it for many years past. The capitalist votes one way, and the 

 employees vote another, so that they may not oblige him. In 

 every dealing between the two sides the opposition is carried so 

 far that a good understanding seems more remote than ever. Nor 

 does there appear any hope for improvement till each party is 

 ready to make concessions. 



The old system of apprenticeship drew more closely the bonds 

 of common interest between the employer and the employee, and 

 with benefit to both. It was comparatively easy for apprentices 

 to become employers. But labor-saving machinery has made the 

 workman an attendant upon the machine, and it has destroyed 

 that sympathy between him and his employer which was the 

 strength of the apprentice system. The blame for this rests upon 

 neither side exclusively. The system may have been too slow to 

 satisfy modern conditions, but the departure of it has made the 

 situation worse. No longer do workmen, as a rule, educate them- 

 selves in schools of technology and by the reading of books. There 

 is no inducement for doing better things while the doctrine holds 

 that one man's work is as good as another's, and while labor or- 

 ganizations restrict the number of youth who shall learn trades, 

 thereby keeping all on the same level and giving none an incentive 

 to rise. 



The establishment of boards of arbitration will not meet the 

 present difficulties. Those who adopt the idea, on the strength of 

 declarations made by both sides, of a desire for a reasonable settle- 



